Ester Lucero

Cassie Essary Tim Petete Ethnic American Literature November 12, 2009 Angel’s Psyche in Ester Lucero One of the most fascinating aspects of any story is the formation of it’scharacters. The way the author chooses to describe them, give them personalities, is how the reader will see their lives. A character’s psyche and the way he thinks about events around him change the way a reader perceives the story. Authors have an amazing chance to shape and bend a story to fit what they want it to be through the characterization of the people they write about. If an author is incapable of making characters believable and understandable, the story won’t survive. In Isabel Allende’s â€Å"Ester Lucero†, Angel is described in a way that makes the reader understand his impulses and desires, even if they areof a completely foreign nature to the reader. Allende is an extremely skilled writer that used her ability to make a character believable to her advantage for this story. Angel’s psyche is one of the most interesting elements of this story. When he returns from the war in the jungle, he seems to be in a state of inner turmoil. He’s searching for something to help him deal with the war and the things that he did and saw happen there. When Angel sees Ester Lucero for the first time, he believes that he is seeing a mirage. Nothing could possibly be that perfect, and he has to search her out. When he finally finds her, he is â€Å"shamed by his unseemly passion for a child who still had not reached puberty† (Pearson 10) as she is 12 and he is 30. Angel gives the impression that he picked Ester as the object of his interest because she is unavailable, therefore he never has to worry about what might happen if he did somehow attain her. Although he is attracted to her, he never makes a move to do anything about it, other than â€Å"watching her walk by on her way to school; attending her when she caught the measles; providing her with vitamins†¦;teaching†¦the multiplication tables† (Pearson 10). The simple fact that he is â€Å"dumbfounded not to find a whirl of suitors around Ester Lucero† (Pearson 10) leads the reader to believe that Ester is really not that special or beautiful, but is only special to Angel. Instead, Angel seems to have fixated on Ester as a way of getting past his ownproblems. Ester became something that he desperately wanted, but could never allow himself to have. She was a child, and he would not allow himself to touch her for that reason, and because his obsession with her is what keeps him going. Ester became the focus of all his attention so he didn’t have to deal with anything else in his life. Another issue with Angel is the fact that he has a bullet in his groin. The women of the town question his masculinity and begin to wonder if â€Å"maybe the malaria or that bullet he has there in his crotch rid him forever of a taste for women† (Pearson 10). They don’t realize that he has become completely engrossed with Ester and therefore uninterested in the other women of the town. Since Angel does have a bullet in his groin, and purposefully chose an unavailable girl to fixate on, it makes the reader wonder if the bullet did cause some sort of dysfunction. Perhaps the reason that Angel deliberately chose a girl that he could never have was because he knew women wouldn’t want him if they knew that he was impotent. Early on, when it is Angel’s turn with a â€Å"bride-for-the-moment† he â€Å"found no consolation †¦he would have to search for that girl, if for no other reason than to determine whether she was a mirage†(Pearson 9). This passage leaves the reader hanging as to whether Angel was unable to perform, or simply didn’t enjoy it. Angel’s masculinity is questioned by the people of the town, as well as himself throughout the story. The four main aspects of Angel’s psyche discussed here really help tell the story of whoand what Angel really is. Ester as a distraction from his own problems shows us that even though Angel is an extremely capable man, he can’t get past his own demons. He’s a doctor and a combat veteran, yet when he sees a little girl in the crowd, he chooses her to think about in order to avoid his own problems. The magical realism displayed in this story is a stroke of genius by Allende. She uses the herbs to add an element of suspense and terror to the story that wouldn’t have been present otherwise. The herbs and dance enable Angel to save Ester while dealing with some of his own problems at the same time. When the town women begin to question Angel’s masculinity, he does a sort of tailspin into the next main point in his psyche, which is obsessive love. He could probably choose any woman in the town, yet he chooses a 12 year old girl, and the love is not exactly pure. Angel’s obsessive love ties all four points together nicely. The love he has for Ester is not pure, but obsessive. He chose her because he needed a way to get out of his own head, and perhaps because he is impotent and couldn’t deal with the threat to his masculinity, and when he cured her, Angel really just needed a way to outwardly express his capability of taking care of her, even if he could never have her. Works Cited

Preliminary Test and Solubility Classification of Organic Compounds

Preliminary Test and Solubility Classification of Organic Compound Keene Louise Topacio, Christopher Jay Robidillo Abstract The experiment focuses on how to classify organic compounds by its functional groups. It is done by preliminary test and with the solubility test. Preliminary test used two known compounds also the unknowns. Physical state, color, odor, and ignition test were noted. The known compounds are inorganic and organic compounds. A comparison is made from the observation in the unknown sample, by which we had concluded that there were two organic compounds and one inorganic among the unknowns. In order to have a strong background about the solubility test, we first classify organic compounds of known functional group using the said test. Butyl bromide, ethanol sucrose, butyraldehyde, ethanoic acid, methyl amine, nitrophenol, diethyl ether, benzoic acid and propanone were used. It is found out that they are class X, Sn, S, N, Sa, Sb, S, N, A1 and Sn, respectively. We use water, ether, HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, H2SO4, litmus paper, and phenolphthalein in classifying each compound based on their solubility and color change. It follows a certain scheme on testing the compound. Each test will link to another test until we ended up with the class of that compound. We finally determine the class of the three unknowns. It is found out to be an Sb – amine -, S -salt -, and an N -aromatic compound-. Keywords: solubility, classification, organic compounds, solubility test, preliminary test Introduction One important part of experimental organic chemistry is to be able to analyze and identify an unknown organic compound from its functional groups. There are several steps in order to acquire this and there is no definite process. But there are systematic ways in different experimental organic chemistry books. For this experiment it will emphasize the preliminary examination and solubility characteristics of some known organic compounds and unknown samples. Preliminary test is basically noting informations with lesser effort compared to the other tests the physical state, color, odor, and its ignition properties. Physical state of a substance can make a distinction among organic compounds for the reason that at room temperature most of organic compounds are in its liquid state. This is due to the intermolecular forces of attraction in the compound. The color is also informative because most pure organic compounds are white or colorless. Some discolorations of brown color are effect of oxidation reaction. The odor of many organic compounds, especially the ones that have lower molar mass are highly distinctive. Also, functional groups have its' own different smell particularly alcohols, ketones, esters, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Caution must be observed while smelling the unknown sample because large amounts of organic vapors should never be inhaled because of toxicity. The ignition test involves a procedure in which a drop or two of a liquid or about 50-100 mg of a solid is heated gently on a crucible with a bunsen burner flame. Whether a solid melts at low temperature or only upon heating more strongly is then noted. The flammability and the nature of any flame from the sample are also recorded. A yellow, sooty flame is indicative of an aromatic or a highly unsaturated aliphatic compound; a yellow but non-sooty flame is characteristic of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The oxygen content of a substance makes its flame more colorless or blue; high oxygen content lowers or prevents flammability, as does halogen content. The unmistakable and unpleasant odor of sulfur dioxide indicates the presence of sulfur in the compound. If a white, nonvolatile residue is left after ignition, a drop of water is added and the resulting aqueous solution is tested with litmus or pHydrion paper; a metallic salt is indicated if the solution is alkaline. Solubility of an organic compound in different solvents can present useful but not efficient information about the presence or absence of certain functional groups. It is because the basic principle in solubility is â€Å"like dissolves like†. In order to have a more distinct result a systematic approach can be considered and it is by solubility classification. First is to test the solubility of the unknown in water. Several structural features of the unknown can be deduced if it is water-soluble. It must be of low molar mass and will usually contain no more than four to five carbon atoms, unless it is polyfunctional. Also, it must contain a polar group that will form a hydrogen bond with water, such as the hydroxy group of an alcohol or a carboxylic acid, the amino functionality of an amine, or the carbonyl group of aldehydes or ketones. Esters, amides, and nitriles dissolve to a lesser extent, and acid. chlorides or anhydrides react with water rather than simply dissolving in it. Test in ether for water soluble compounds are also observed this is to identify further the functional groups in ther unknown. On the other hand, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alkyl halides are water-insoluble. Supplementary test such as solubility in hydrochloric acid, then sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and finally tested in sulfuric acid must be done accordingly. Solubility in one or more of these acids and bases is defined in terms of the compound being more soluble in base or acid than in water and reflects the presence of an acidic or basic functional group in the water-insoluble unknown compound. Methodology The experiment was divided into two parts and the group was given three unknowns. The first part was for the preliminary test. Data were recorded according to the physical state, color, and odor of the compound. Small amount of the test compounds, copper nitrate, acetic acid also the unknowns were placed in separate porcelain crucible. It was then heated and covered. Observations were noted. If residues were sighted it was tested for acidity or basicity using a drop of distilled water and a litmus paper. Also, a drop of 15% HCl was added to determine if there was formation of gas. Lastly, flame test using a nichrome wire was also observed in order to determine if metals were present. For the second part of the experiment, solubility class test. 1mL of the solvents; water, ether, HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2SO4, were placed on separate micro test tubes. A drop or pinch of the test compounds; butyl bromide, ethanol, sucrose, butyraldeyde, ethanoic acid, methylamine, nitrophenol, diethyl ether, benzoic acid, propanone, and the unknowns, were added to the solvent. It was then mixed and observed if it dissolved or not, miscible or not, or if there are discoloration present. The solubility flow chart was used in order to classify the compounds. Results and Discussion Preliminary test determines the physical state, color, odor, and the combustion reaction of the compound during ignition. It is shown in Table 1. That copper nitrate which is blue liquid has an odorless smell while it produces a green flame when it is ignited. On the other hand, an organic compound, acetic acid, is liquid and is colorless. It has a sour smell and it produces no residue when it is ignited. With respect with our group samples, all are in liquid state while differs in odor. A1 has a very foul odor, while A2 possess an alcohol like then A3 have a strong odor. A1 and A3 does not have a residue after it was heated it only evaporated and evolution of smelly (unpleasant) gas was also observed. In the case of A2 there were close to black residue and after ignition, a red flame was observed. Table 1 Preliminary Examination Data X| Cu(NO3)2| C2H4O2| A1| A2| A3| A| Liquid| Liquid| Liquid| Liquid| Liquid| B| Blue| Colorless| Colorless| Colorless| Colorless| C| odorless| sour| foul| Alcohol like| Strong| D| Green flame| orange| No residue| red| orange| X – compounds, A – physical state, B – color, C – odor, D – ignition test| Copper nitrate and acetic acid are both in liquid phase. Normally, an organic compound such as acetic acid is a colorless liquid. Copper nitrate, on the other hand, is in aqueous form. Although they are in the same phase, it doesn’t mean that they have the same volatility and solubility. Upon ignition , their volatility differences are noticed. The presence of ash is observed in copper nitrate while on acetic acid there is no present. It is an indication that there was solid present in copper nitrate solution. Since a solid is not volatile, we can easily identify the presence of solid upon ignition. Thus, it is an indication that the physical state of copper nitrate is actually solid. Finally, copper nitrate has color while acetic acid has none. It is because of the presence of metal in the aqueous copper nitrate. While for our unknowns, it was all in liquid form which has an ammonia-like smell A1, alcohol like smell A2 and strong smell A3. By that, the one will know that A1 is already an amine. When it is ignited, it produces no ash and no soot. It is an indication that there is no metal present. Also, we found out that it was an organic compound because the observation was similar with acetic acid. By all obtained observation, it is possible that A1 is an amine. For A2, it was observed that it contains metal, for the reason that when it ignited the flame was red with that we could say that it is a salt. Unknown A3, was found out to be an organic compound because the observation was similar with acetic acid. We can't determine the compound with just preliminary test due to the insufficient data. Table 2. 1 Solubility Test Data Y| C4H9Br| C2H5OH| C12H22O11| C4H8O| C2H4O2| A| | | | | | B| | | | | | C| | | | | | D| | | | | | E| | | | | | F| | | | | | G| -| | | -| -| | | | H| -| colorless| -| -| colorless| I| X| Sn| S| N| Sa| Y – Compounds, A – Water, B – Ether, C – HCl, D – NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4, G – Litmus Paper, H – Phenolphthalein, I – Solubility Class| Table 2. 2 Solubility Test Data (Known) It is found out in Table 2. 1 and 2. 2 that ethanol, sucrose, nitrophenol, ethanoic acid, methyl amine, diethyl ether and propanone are soluble in water while butyl bromide, butyraldehyde, and benzoic acid are not. (Table 2. can identify the intermolecular forces of attraction and polarity from the structure and the functional group) Since water is a polar compound (possesses hydrogen bond) it is a poor solvent for saturated hydrocarbons. As we all know, saturated hydrocarbons are not polar because they only posses Van der Waals intermolecular force. Due to long chains (or high molecular weights) do not affect by polarity greatly; unsaturated hydrocarbons such as aromatic hydrocarbons have similar solubility with saturated hydrocarbons. The introduction of halogen atoms does not alter the polarity appreciably. It does no increase the molecular weight, and for this reason, the water solubility falls off. On the other hand, salts are extremely polar, the ones encountered in this work generally being water soluble. Y| CH5N| C6H5NO3| C4H10O| C6H5COOH| C3H6O| A| | | | | | B| | | | | | C| | | | | | D| | | | | | E| | | | | | F| | | | | | G| | | -| -| | | -| | H| pink| colorless| -| -| colorless| I| Sb| S| N| A1| Sn| Y – Compounds, A – Water, B – Ether, C – HCl, D – NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4, G – Litmus Paper, H – Phenolphthalein, I – Solubility Class| As might expected, acids and amines generally are more soluble than neutral compounds. The amines probably owe their abnormally high solubility to their tendency to form hydrogen-bonded complexes with water molecules. This theory is also linked with the fact that the solubility of amines diminishes as the basicity decreases. It also explains the observation that many tertiary amines are more soluble in cold than hot water. Apparently at lower temperatures, the solubility of the hydrate is involved whereas at higher temperatures the hydrate is unstable and the solubility measures are that of the free amine. Ethers, esters, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, nitriles, amines, acids and amines may be considered together with respect to water solubility. Due to their similarity in structure with water, their solubility is high. For that, the solute-solvent interaction is strong because of their compatibility made possible by their common polarity. Because of the polar nature of water; compounds owe their solubility in it almost entirely to the polar groups which they may contain. The functional groups stated above are hydrophilic. As the hydrocarbon percentage increases, the hydrophobic part also increases. As a result, the solubility in water of these compounds containing functional groups, decreases as the hydrocarbon chain is getting longer or the ring is present. The tendency of certain oxygen-containing compounds to form hydrates also contributes to water solubility. The stability of this hydrate is therefore, a factor in determining water and ether solubility. These compounds have great solubility in water because of their capability to form hydrates. It is the reason why diethyl ether and propanone are soluble in water. On the other hand, although generally, aldehydes are soluble in water, butyraldehyde is not. It is due to long chain of the butyl hydrocarbon. For the same reason as for long chains of amines, aromatic alcohols and aromatic carboxylic acid do not exhibit solubility in water. Greater number carbon chains due to ring decreases the effect of polarity. For propanone, it doesn’t just dissolve in water. It undergo reaction which is a nucleophilic addition reaction. As a consequence, it yields a diol. As for the compounds that are water soluble, we can still further classify them through their solubility in ether. It is obtained that ethanol, ethanoic acid, methyl amine, propanone are soluble while insoluble compound are sucrose and nitrophenol. Since dipole bond is present on ether groups, it can differentiate short chain ethers, alcohols, carboxylic acid, ketone and amines from carbohydrates. Ethers cannot dissolve carbohydrates, such as sucrose. Thus, it can be classified as class S. Table 2. 3 Structure and Functional Groups of Known Compounds| Compound| Structure| Functional group| Butyl bromide, C4H9Br| | Alkyl halides| Ethanol, C2H5OH| | alcohols| Sucrose, C12H22O11| | Carbohyd-rates| Butyraldehyde| | Aldehydes| Ethanoic acid| | Carboxylic acid| Methyl amine| | Amines| Nitrophenol| | Alcohols| Diethyl ether| | Ethers| Benzoic acid| | Carboxylic acid| Propanone| | Ketone| The water soluble organic compounds that are also soluble in ether are monofunctional group compounds. We can classify their functional group base on their acidity and basicity and it is done with the use of litmus paper. When the blue litmus paper is dropped in the test compounds, only at ethanoic acid the litmus paper changes its color to red while at ethanol, methyl amine, diethyl ether and propanone. On the other hand, when red litmus paper is dropped on the test compounds, only methyl amine turned the R. L. P to blue while it remained at red for ethanol, diethyl ether and propanone. By that, we concluded that, ethanoic acid is an acid, methyl amine is a base while ethanol, diethyl ether and propanone are neutral. In the other realm, water-insoluble compounds such as butyl bromide, butyraldehyde, nitrophenol and benzoic acid are further tested with 5% HCl. It is obtained that none of these compounds are soluble in the dilute HCl. The explanation for this is that the acid can only dissolve are basic amines. Aliphatic amines (of any class) forms salts (a polar compound) when it is mixed with the dilute acid because of its basicity. 5% hydrochloric acid is also polar so they are soluble. Those compounds that dissolve in 5% HCl will probably fall under class B, which are amines. Compounds that are insoluble in 5% HCl (all compounds) are then tested with 5% NaOH. It is observed that only benzoic acid is the only soluble compound. Compounds dissolve in aqueous base solutions because they form sodium salts hat are soluble in aqueous medium. Probably, it is the only compound which is sufficiently acidic to form salt with the dilute base. Upon comparison, carboxylic acid is the functional group which is the most acidic among all organic functional group aside from sulfonic and sulfinic acids. To prove it, we can compare the acid constant of the functional group of each compound tested. The soluble benzoic acid can sti ll be classified as either a strong organic acid and as a weak organic acid. Upon mixing, it is found that it is a strong organic acid because it dissolves with the reagent. Thus, benzoic acid will fall under class A1 The compounds insoluble with 5% NaOH which are the butyraldehyde and butyl bromide and diethyl ether are further categorized. Upon mixing those compounds with the concentrated sulfuric acid, only butyraldehyde dissolves. So, butyraldehyde is on class X, while butyl bromide and diethyl ether are on class N. As we all know, butyraldehyde contains a functional group with oxygen (aldehyde), so it can undergo sulfonation with the concentrated acid. On the other hand, butyl bromide is saturated and has no functional group with O atom so it can’t undergo sulfonation. Thus it is not soluble. Table 3. 1 Solubility Test Data (Unknown) unknown| A | B | C | D | E | F | 1| | | | | | | 2| | | | | | | 3| | | | | | | A – Water, B – Ether, C – HCl, D – NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4 For solubility test of the 3 unknowns of the group, it is on Table 3. 1 and 3. 2, we initially confirm its solubility in water. It is found that A1 and A2 are soluble. From that, we can anticipate that our sample can be a monofunctional group compound with short chain or a carbohydrate or salts. So, the next steps for the water-soluble compounds were to check its solubility with ether. When we mixed ether and our samples were immiscible dissolves. From that, we may say that one is a salt. From the smell of the unknown A1 we already know that it will fall under amine that has a short chain so we stll tested it with litmus paper because amine are basic. It is observed that when red L. P. is exposed in the sample, it turned to blue, whereas the blue L. P. have no color change when it is exposed. It is an indication that our sample is basic. Thus, our assumptions are correct that it is a short-carbon chain, monofunctional amine and it falls under class SB. Table 3. Solubility Test Data (Unknown) unknown| 1| 2| 3| a| | | -| | | b| Pink| -| colorless| c| Sb| S| X| Possible compounds| Monofunctional alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, aromatic amines, nitriles, and amides with five or fewer carbons. | Salts of organic acids; amine hydrochlorides, amino acids, polyfunctional compounds with hydrophilic functional groups, carbohydrates, polyhydroxy compounds, polyb asic acids, etc. | Saturated hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, arylhalides, other deactivated aromatic compounds, diaryl ethers| a – Litmus Paper, b – Phenolphthalein, c – Solubility Class| For A3, being immiscible to water it was tested with HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2SO4 for its acidity or basicity. Unfortunately, it failed the entire tests so sum it up to a class X compound. Conclusion The objectives of the experiment were obtained. We were able to examine compounds by using the preliminary test. We were able to recognize the solubility class of each known compound given to us with the aid of solubility test. Finally, we were also able to classify organic compounds based on their solubility in some other compounds and on their acidity and basicity. The analysis and identification of organic compound for this particular experiment consists of two parts which are probably adopted from common schemes. This systematic approach enables us to have a precise analysis without spending much reagents, thus it is useful and efficient tool of identifying organic compounds. Both preliminary test and solubility test are considered. We concluded that preliminary test and solubility test are effective ways of classifying organic compounds. In preliminary test, we had seen the different properties of different compound by its physical state, color, odor and ignition test. We had compared the result of our unknown sample with the known ones, and upon comparison, we concluded that our sample is an organic compound which contains no metal. We had differentiated an organic compound from a non organic compound. An organic compound may be in a form of a solid or liquid, may be colored or not depending on the degree of conjugation, produces odor and has no ash during ignition because of the absence of metal. For our unknown sample, the significant observation is that its fishy, ammonia-like smell. Since it is an organic compound, we can say that it is an amine. By the study of solubility data it has been found possible to lay down certain generalizations which often enable one to predict the solubility behavior of a compound merely by inspection of its structural formula. In the solubility test, we found out the different class of the different organic compound. It is obtained that water soluble compounds are compounds which have a short-carbon chain compounds with monofunctional group and are carbohydrates. For ether, it is capable dissolving short-carbon chain compounds due to their common polarity. It is a way of differentiating carbohydrates from that. For those ether-soluble, their classifications are identified based on their acidity or basicity since they are monofunctional. Acidic groups are carboxylic acids, basic groups are amines while neutral groups are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and some carboxylic acid derivatives except the acid halides and anhydrides. For those insoluble compounds, a test for solubility with 5% HCl is made to identify strong bases such as amines that have longer chains or aromatic ring. The dilute acid can only form salt with strong bases, to dissolve. On the other hand, 5% NaOH is then used to check for the presence of acidic organic compounds. For acids, they can form salt with strong base such as NaOH, thus making it soluble. The 5% NaHCO3, which is a weak base is used to identify the degree of acidity of those obtained acidic organic compounds. Strong acidic acids are soluble with 5% NaHCO3 while weak organic acids are not. Lastly, neutral compounds with long chains or ring remained. The concentrated sulfuric acid is used in identifying functional group that has O and organic compounds that are unsaturated. Those compounds undergo sulfonation, making it soluble with the reagent. Solubility plays a major role in the identification and characterization of an organic compound. Through certain chemical tests, one can identify an organic compound. These concepts regarding the solubility of organic compounds are primarily applied in identifying the nature and properties of carbon-containing compounds as wells as predicting their behavior and reaction mechanism when allowed to be reacted with specific solvents during different chemical processes. References Baluyut John Y. G. , De Castro Kathlia A. Organic Chemistry Laboratory for Chemical Engineering Students Part 2, 2004 Klein, David (2012). Organic Chemistry. Danvers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , Gilbert, John. Experimental Organic Chemistry: A miniscale and Microscale Approach 5th Ed. Australia, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. http://www2. volstate. edu/chem/2020/Labs/classification. pdf http://www. sharjah. ac. ae/English/Academics/CentralLabs /asl/cl/Pages/IdentificationofOrganicCompounds. aspx http://www. wellesley. edu/Chemistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Manual/Appendix/ClassificationTests/index. html http://wwwchem. uwimona. edu. jm/lab_manuals/c10expt25. html

Group Development and Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Group Development and Motivation - Essay Example The composition of the groups involves analyzing the characteristics of the persons to form a group and combine them effectively. This involves considering group roles, characteristics, and diversity (Lewis et al. 2007). The roles performed by a group can be task-oriented, relationship oriented and self oriented. The skills that are needed to accomplish the set goals and objectives and achieve success are task oriented behaviors. According to Bruce et al (2006, p. 136), includes; asking for information and giving the information to team members. Information acts as the basis of the group functioning. Without the relevant information required to perform the assigned tasks, the group cannot accomplish its objectives. One has to ask for information in order to understand what is required and those with information are willing to distribute to the rest of the members. The information is then summarized to come up with logical conclusions. Some members act as energizers to the group. They encourage others to perform their tasks however challenging they might be. Task behavior also involves clarification of information and putting personal feelings aside to accept consensus. Relationship behaviors are those that encourage positive relations between group members. This involves encouraging others to participate in group activities. When everyone participates, there is a feeling of cooperation and a good relationship between group members. Communication is important in ensuring effective teams as it enables decision making, resolving conflicts and setting of goals (Bruce et al. 2006, p. 137). Directing communication is thus one of the tasks involved in enhancing positive working relationships.... This paper stresses that giving the group clear expectations propels it to work towards achieving the set goals. To motivate the group, the management should set challenging goals for the group especially after accomplishment of a task to make them work harder. The goals should be communicated effectively to avoid confusion and continuous feedback given so that the group can know how it is progressing in accomplishing the challenging task. The management should also provide all the support needed to accomplish the task such as sufficient resources, tools, skills and training. The group will thus feel valued and purposeful hence motivated. This report makes a conclusion that effective teams are an asset to the organization as they ensure improved productivity and profitability and enable an organization to remain competitive. However, the management should make their expectations clear but setting realistic goals for the group. Ensuring the group has the right combination of skills and diversity ensures effectiveness. The group should also be of an appropriate size which is easy to coordinate and allows participation by all members and discourage free riding. The group develops through stages of formation, storming, norming, performing and transformation before it can be disbanded and a new one formed. At each stage, the leader has different tasks to perform to ensure success. After building the group, ensuring it remains motivated is essential for continuity and better performance. This can be done by ensuring clear goals, rewarding good performance, encouraging staff involvement, supporting the group and managing con flict effectively.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Case study - Essay Example The stress may have been one of the results as to why she contracted bipolar disorder. According to McDonald 2005 stress situations have been known to trigger bipolar disorder especially for those people who have a genetic vulnerability. The stress might have been as a result of the work environment which was not very conducive. Catherine did not have the courage to reveal that she was suffering from a dipolar disorder. This made the situation even worse since it added to her stress. Deciding on what step to take was the most difficult situation for her and it actually amplified her stress. She did not want to leave the job since it was the only source of living for her, her husband and their child. On the other hand, she was afraid to tell the manager that she was suffering from the condition since she feared she might be promoted again. Further, resigning was also a difficult action for her having witnessed how people who had resigned before had been treated by the managers. All th ese situations became too much for Catherine and her condition did not improve, instead it worsened. Catherine was lacking of self- confidence; she did not have self- esteem and did not even have the courage to talk about her situation. ... Self –disclosure is not easy and in most cases is â€Å"it depends on the relationship that exist between the involved parties and the trust they have for each other† (Hargie, 2011). Self-disclosure has a number of benefits and it has some risks as well. For instance, in some cultures, self –disclosure is an important element in a relationship. For two people to form a kind of a relationship, they must know one another (Schwartz, Galliher & Domenech, 2011). Therefore, if Catherine discloses herself to the management, there is a possibility that the relationship will improve (Corrigan, Kosyluk & Rusch, 2013). The management will understand her situation and therefore they will be likely to do what they can so as to help Catherine. Her working environment will improve since the management will provide her with what she needs to recover. She might be given an extended leave to go and rest and this might be important to improve the situation. Self –disclosure is likely to help Catherine in positive development and this will be beneficial considering her condition. According to Maata and Uusiautti (2013), communication is important is it improves the status of any form of relationship. This could also be applicable in the relationship between Catherine and the rest of the workers in the organization as well as with the managers. The workers have been seen to discuss her since her return to work and also make smiles about her. This has affected her relationship with them and it is only through self-disclosure that the situation is likely to improve. She will be better positioned to manage the situation. Self –disclosure on the other hand might be risky. It is not always one will be appreciated when they talk to others about themselves. Self- disclosure may lead

Cannabis and Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cannabis and Marijuana - Essay Example Although marijuana can be beneficial in the treatment of ailments like glaucoma, cancer, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and also chronic pain, researchers like Jacques-Joseph Moreau have discovered that marijuana has numerous harmful effects on the brain and the functions of the human central nervous system. Usage of cannabis hinders movement and memory in the brain. Chemicals in marijuana, especially THC and cannabinoids directly alter the emotions, memory and function of a user's brain and central nervous system. Marijuana changes to brain function and behavior by impinging on the central nervous and attaching its elements to the neurons in the brain, thereby interfering with the natural communication between the brain's neurons. This interference causes the nerves to alter their normal behavior. For instance, after using cannabis, a nerve that was supposed to enable a person to retrieve short-term memory, tends to act do the opposite, because of the cannabinoids receptors. Thus, if a person has to recall his recent activities, maybe his activities during the last 5 minutes ago, that person will have a lot of trouble accomplishing this, if he has taken a high dose of cannabis/marijuana. Cannabis contains about 400 chemicals, and about 60 of them are known to be cannabinoids, that are psychoactive compounds that are produced inside the human body and brain after cannabis is metabolized. "Cannabinoids is known to be the active ingredient in marijuana, and "the most psychoactive cannabinoids ch emical in marijuana that has the biggest impact on the brain is THC (tetrahydrocannibol). tetrahydrocannibol is the main active ingredient in marijuana because it affects the brain by binding to and activating specific receptors, known as cannabinoid receptors. "These receptors control memory, thought, concentration, time and depth, and coordinated movement." (J. Bartholomew, S. Holroyd, and T. M Heffernan 2010) When a person uses cannabis and his or her memory is affected, the short-term memory will be triggered first, as marijuana damages short-term memory as a result of the fact that the element tetrahydrocannibol interferes with the processing of information by an area of the brain called the hippocampus, which is responsible for the proper formation of memory. "One region of the brain that contains a lot of tetrahydrocannibol receptors is the hippocampus, which processes memory. Hippocampus is the part of the brain that is important for memory, learning, and the integration of sensory experiences with emotions and motivation. It also converts information into short-term memory. As a steroid, tetrahydrocannibol also acts on the hippocampus and inhibits memory retrieval. tetrahydrocannibol also alters the way in which sensory information is interpreted. When tetrahydrocannibol attaches to receptors in the hippocampus, it weakness the short-term memory, and damages the nerve cells by creat ing structural changes to the hippocampus region of the brain. When a user has a high dose of marijuana, new information does not register into their brain and this may be lost from memory and they are not able to retrieve new information for more than a few minutes. There is also a decrease in the activity of nerve cells." (M. Yucel, N.

Psychological support for breast cancer women and mastectomy Essay

Psychological support for breast cancer women and mastectomy - Essay Example Addie Gilbert, 51, saw the final straw while trying on her favorite red dress whose front was adorned with stylish criss-cross straps, thinking she might never have to wear it again. Following her mastectomy, the heavy prosthesis underneath was clearly visible. She said, â€Å"I was so depressed that I sat on the floor of my bedroom and cut the dress up into little pieces with scissors† (Boughton, 2000). After her mastectomy, she was not only worried about her inability to wear her favorite clothes in the future, but was also troubled by the trauma brought about by the diagnosis of breast cancer every time she saw her reflection and the scar over her chest in the mirror. Gilbert thus decided to have her breast reconstructed. Her breast was molded by taking skin and tissue from her abdomen. Addition of an areola and nipple three months later with an office procedure made her whole again. Different women respond to the surgery of breast cancer in different ways depending upon th eir psychology, self-perception, age, and whether or not the surgery is accompanied by such adjuvant therapeutic procedures as chemotherapy and radiation. Mastectomy can be hard to come to terms with for women like Gilbert, though it is an acceptable alternative for many other patient of breast cancer. Women undergoing surgery for breast cancer commonly experience major regrets because of severe emotional trauma, complications of surgery, lack of postoperative psychological support, complications of reconstruction, phantom pain, and dissatisfaction with the procedure’s cosmetic outcome. Frost et al. (2000) performed a detailed research to investigate the overall social and psychological well-being and long-term satisfaction in women that have undergone prophylactic mastectomy. The researchers found a 74 per cent reduction in the emotional concern regarding the

Projct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Projct - Essay Example For this reason, we included all the relevant information and graphical representations on how exactly a child should be looked after and given all the necessary counseling support. Obviously, the topic is a very interesting and sensitive one that concerns a large number of people in the society. However, to be precise, we narrowed down on counseling therapists as our professional and parents. Having specialized on counseling psychology, it is these therapists who have a deeper understanding of young children and how they can be effectively brought up without interfering with their physical, physiological, emotional and mental growth. On the other hand, the topic will be targeting the parents and guardians as non-experts. Although they spend a lot of time interacting with children, the parents and guardians are not trained on child counseling (Winnicott 49). Despite spending their energies to bring up the children under their care, they might still not be in a better position of having a deeper understanding of the children’s emotional challenges. Thus, they might not be of much help when it comes to offering counseling services to such children. The information provided here is very important to all the audiences. To the professional therapists, it challenges them that every child has got a potential of thriving regardless of the situation. Meaning, they are the future of the society whose welfare should not be ignored at all. By providing them with all the necessary therapy support, all the children will be relieved from their traumatic experiences and feelings. Therefore, the information challenges the therapists to acknowledge that it is only through proper counseling services that a distressed child’s life can be restored and put back to a balance. Therefore, having known that fact, the therapists will have to dedicate their time and deliver their best services to the children who might be in a dire need

Transforming Clear Lake College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transforming Clear Lake College - Case Study Example On the other hand, the elements of transformational leadership that Sam exhibited included significantly transforming Clear Lake College into a productive and successful academic institution through launching graduate degree programs and several new undergraduate majors; being a people person where he manifested communicating and interacting with different stakeholders; being true to his word by increasing the salaries of faculty and personnel when the financial condition improved; and capturing opportunities in the educational markets. 2. Sam’s leadership traits and characteristic make him a pseudo-transformation leader than a transformational leader. As a pseudo-transformation leader, Sam exhibited self-serving behavior despite being initially inspirational. He made decisions on his own and therefore discouraged participative and collaborative decisions and earned the ire of faculty, staff and students by berating them in public. 3. Yes, I was able to confront a leader about a manifested behavior, whether by acknowledging a job well done or by disclosing that the current behavior was contributory to affecting the morale of subordinates. The leader was highly accommodating of the feedback and appreciated one’s comments.

The Globalization of Health Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Globalization of Health Care - Case Study Example The beneficiaries of globalization of health care include the hospital in the host countries, which are mainly countries undergoing development. Patients also benefit from globalization since they can access quality healthcare at low cost. The loser are the mother countries, which are mainly the developed countries such as U.S. that train most of the medical personnel who end up working elsewhere. Moreover, the service is paid for at the place of delivery and countries like U.S. are losing greatly due to the large number of people seeking treatment elsewhere (Deloitte 1-2). There are risks associated with health care globalization. One risk is that professionals are increasingly moving from poorer countries resulting in shortage of care providers in poor countries. Resolving this issue would be hard since the professional cannot be prevented from seeking better payments. Accountability of healthcare providers might be reduced since medical ethics vary across nations. This can be dealt with through introduction of some international ethics to guide health professionals. On balance globalization of healthcare is god since it has enhanced care provision and ensured that the less advantaged can access quality care at a cost they can afford to pay. Moreover, it has reduced the burden of care provision in countries lacking enough

Traditional marketing campaigns Essay Example for Free

Traditional marketing campaigns Essay With the apparition of the Internet, what was generally a cumbersome, costly marketing campaign, with a limited audience (and we are referring here to the traditional marketing campaigns, via the usual channels of communication: newspapers, media, fliers etc. ) became a far-reaching method of promoting your business, at virtually no cost other than that imposed by the necessity to have a functional Internet connection, to pay salaries to people promoting the business online and to building up a presentation website. Easy to commit to, Internet marketing has become a favored tool by many economic agents. First of all, the advantages of Internet marketing are numerous. The first one to be mentioned is the low costs involved. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the first thing that a small business like this needs is a website. The website virtually plays the role of an online store, with two main functions: presentation and, if the owner wishes it, online sale. The case of the order clothing retail business specializing in children specialty items is reflective in this sense. First of all, the website will present not only the actual product (in terms of sizes available, coloring etc. ), but also the company itself, the people involved in the business etc. It always helps, as a online promotional mean, to have the figures and, perhaps, a short biography of the owners on site, because, this way, the potential clients will tend to gain more trust in online ordering. There are several online marketing tips that can make the site and, subsequently, the business, more successful. Testimonies are always important in businesses. As this is an online business, it may be that some of the testimonies are not necessarily those of real customers, but they will help induce a sense of security to the potential client. The testimonies can in fact be a successful mean of further presenting the mechanism and the way business is concluded. Something like â€Å"I couldn’t believe how easy it was: I just placed the order on the website and I had the item in less than 24 hours† will be a line that will let the potential client know that he is likely to receive a product very fast and with almost no time spent in the process. It is also important to have a page within the website clearly explaining the entire shopping mechanism, in clear terms, so that the client will know the hows and the whens. It is not sufficient to simply point out to the location where he has to place his order. A separate page entitled Process, for example, will let him understood the entire mechanism: the fact that he places his order, his order is received and he receives a confirmation of the fact, he can then pay for the order and this is delivered to him in a certain period of time. This type of exact information will likely improve communication and the business process with the clients. Given the specific of the business, that of a mail order clothing retail business specializing in children specialty items, it is also important to have pictures and presentation pages for the products that are commercialized. This will give potential clients an imagistic presentation of the products they will be buying. As previously mentioned, the website needs to act exactly like a store (albeit an online one, in a virtual environment) in which the client will need to be able to see, compare, analyze products. Second of all, the website will be able to register users and take their orders automatically, without any individuals involved, which obviously lowers costs significantly, since you are not going to have someone paid to look after the clients who place the orders. There are however some technological costs involved, for example the cost of IT maintenance and web-related issues (web designing, web maintenance etc. ) that will increase fixed costs for this form of marketing. The simple creation of a website is insufficient for the marketing of the small business we are referring to. The website needs to be, in its turn, promoted over the Internet, so that a larger number of visitors will take note of the services offered. There are several ways to do this. First of all, search engine optimization (SEO) is important, because it will place the site within the first option when a search operation is made, for certain key words. Taking the specific of our mail order clothing retail business, we may decide, for example, as the main key words to be children, clothing, items and some particular children items (toys etc. ). For these, we will try both to make the text on our website reflective of these key words and to promote them on search engines.

Family Planning Program In Ethiopia Health And Social Care Essay

Family Planning Program In Ethiopia Health And Social Care Essay Access to basic services such as water and sanitation is limited and its distribution is biased towards urban areas. Thirty percent of Ethiopians (80.5% urban and 21.5% rural) have access to improved sanitation, while access to clean drinking water is slightly higher at 35 percent (90% urban and 25% rural). Sixty four percent of the adult population is illiterate; with higher rate of illiteracy among women than men. The overall current contraceptives prevalence rate among married women in Ethiopia is 14.7%, and among all women of reproductive age group is 10.3%. Thirty four percent of currently married women of reproductive age group have an unmet need for family planning (WHO, 2010). Family planning (FP) services are delivered through facility-based reproductive health (RH) services including government health facilities and health services run by NGOs and private for profit organizations including pharmacies selling socially marketed pills, condoms and Depo-Provera; and by community based reproductive health (CBRH) agents supported by a variety of international and national NGOs. Family planning services can significantly contribute to limiting the family size efforts. Strengthening contraceptive services has been shown to be effective in reducing maternal mortality. Specifically there is a role for increased access to long term and permanent contraceptive methods. Although 60% of the methods used in Ethiopia are injectables, 32% of users of injectables discontinue in the first year of use, usually because of health concerns or other issues with the method. Also 42% of women want to limit childbearing, thus they are potential clients for LTPMs. Efforts are needed to increase access to LTPM for women who do not want any more children (DHS, 2005). The Ethiopian government has been undertaking various policy reform measures and making substantial progresses towards achieving the millennium development goals. Improved policy environment and shift in government priorities towards the social sector have significantly improved access to and quality of health services. Potential health service coverage has increased from 45% in 1997 to 90 percent in 2010 (FMOH, 2010). The health policy gives primary focus on preventive and promotive health care to address the major health problems and to provide access to health services for the majority of Ethiopians. In this regard, the health service extension program (HEP) is the biggest venture of the government and flagship program of the ministry by which two female health extension workers who are government paid are being assigned at kebele level ( the lowest administrative level with 5000 population). The government has been engaged into improving health service delivery through enhancing coverage, quality and equity aiming at improving the overall health status of citizens. The various studies and routine information sources showed that the health outcomes are exhibiting encouraging results in terms of reducing child and maternal mortality. Background Increasingly, the government of Ethiopia is giving greater attention to address the issue of rapid population growth and associated demographic factors in designing and implementing different development strategies, and has recognised the rapid population growth and high fertility rate as one of the main challenges to poverty reduction. different strategic documents were formulated and being implemented like accelerated and sustained development to end poverty (PASDEP), which includes reducing the total fertility rate (TFR) and closing the gap between boys and girls education and also the health sector development program. Overview of the health sector Health status and access The government with continues support and collaboration from the development partners as well as the effort of the general public on its health has achieved a lot towards improving the health status of its citizens. However the health status of Ethiopians still remains low compared to worldwide benchmarks. In 2010, life expectancy was 58 years, maternal mortality ratio was 673 per 100, 000 live births, infant mortality rate was 69 per 1000 live births and the under-five mortality rate was 109 per 1000 live births (WHO, 2010). Ethiopias health problems are largely attributed to preventable infections ailments and nutritional deficiencies (FMOH, 2010). Health Service delivery The public sector is the major health service provider for Ethiopians. As a result of significant decentralization reforms, Ethiopias federal structure is comprised of nine regional states and two city administrations, each responsible for managing its own public health sector services. To promote decentralization and meaningful participation of the population in local development activities, decision making process in the development and implementation of the health system are shared between the federal ministry of health (FMOH) (policy guidance), the regional health bureau (RHB) policy and technical support, and the woreda or district health services (coordination of primary health care services). In order to realize the goals of the health sector strategic plan, the health service delivery was introduced in a four-tier referral system, characterised by a first line primary health care unit (PHCU), comprised of one health centre and five satellite health posts, and then the second line district hospital and specialised hospital. A PHCU is designed to serve 25, 000 people, while a district and a zonal hospital are each expected to serve 250, 000 and 1, 000, 000 people respectively. The public sector remains the major provider of health services accounting for about 67% of total health services, followed by the private sector which provides 31% of the services, and facilities owned by business enterprises accounts for the remaining 2%. The increasing number of private for profit health sector and not-for-profit, offers an opportunity to enhance health service coverage (FMOH, 2010). The policy framework Global reproductive health policy context In 1994 the world came together to create a consensus on what had previously been a deeply divisive issue: the relationship between population growth and other areas of development and was considered a groundbreaking effort for shifting population policy discussions away from simply slowing population growth to enhancing individual health and rights while focusing on social development (ICPD 1994). Since then remarkable achievements has been registered. To move the sexual and reproductive agenda forward, progressive international and regional instruments has been developed among which the most important one include the 1995 Beijing declaration and platform of action, the 2004 ICPD ten review, the 2006 Maputo plan of action on sexual and reproductive health and rights (AU, 2006), and the 2009 UN convection for elimination of all form of discrimination against women. The 2000 millennium summit adopted the United Nations millennium declaration committing their nations to a new global pa rtnership to reduce extreme poverty and setting out a serious of time bound targets with a deadline of 2015-the millennium development goals. To achieve this, UN organizations, governments, associations, private foundations, and other non governmental organizations expressed their commitments (Farina et al. 2008). National Health policy The health policy of the country was formulated in 1993 after careful assessment of the nature, magnitude and root causes of the existing health problem of Ethiopia and awareness of newly emerging health problems. Democratization and decentralization of the existing health service system were emphasised stressing on development and prioritization of the preventive and promotive components of health care, development of an equitable and acceptable standard of health service system that will reach all segments of the population maximizing the effective and efficient utilization of existing internal and external resources, promoting and strengthening of multi-sectoral and intersectoral activities, promotion of attitudes and practices conducive to the strengthening of health system development, ascertaining the accessibility of health care for all segments of the population, enriching the concept and intensifying the practice of family planning for optimal family health and planned popul ation dynamics, and intensifying family planning for the optimal health of the mother, child and family (TGE, 1993). National Population policy (1993) This major goal of the policy is harmonization of the rate of population growth and the capacity of the country for the development and rational utilization of natural resources thereby creating conditions conducive to the improvement of the level of welfare of the population. The general objective of the policy include: closing the gap between high population growth and low economic productivity through planned reduction of population growth and increasing economic returns; expediting economic and social development process through holistic integrated development programmes designed to expedite the structural differentiation of the economy and employment; reducing the rate to urban migration; maintaining/improving the carrying capacity of the environment by taking appropriate environmental protection/conservation measures; raising the economic and social status of women by freeing them from the restrictions and drudgeries of traditional life and making it possible for them to partic ipate productively in the larger community; and significantly improving the social and economic status of vulnerable groups (women, youth, children and the elderly). The specific objectives include: reducing the total fertility rate to 4.0 children per women by the year 2015; reducing maternal, infant and child morbidity and mortality rates as well as promoting the level of general welfare of the population; significantly increasing female participation at all levels of the education system; removing all legal customary practices militating against the full enjoyment of economic and social rights by women including the full enjoyment of property rights and access to gainful employment; ensuring spatially balanced population distribution patterns with a view to maintaining environmental productivity in agriculture and introducing off-farm non agricultural activities for the purpose of employment diversification; and mounting an effective country wide population information and educat ion program addressing issues pertaining to family size and its relationship with human welfare and environmental security. Some of the major areas requiring priority attentions were improving the quality and scope of service delivery: expanding the diversity and coverage of family planning service delivery through clinical and community based outreach services; encouraging and supporting the participation of non-governmental organizations in the delivery of population and family planning and related services; and creating conditions that will permit users the widest possible choice of contraceptives by diversifying the method mix available in the country (TGE, 1993). Health sector development plan Ethiopia has been health sector development (HSDP) plan since 1997, every five years it has been evaluated and revised until now. The current HSDP IV is the extension of the previous plans and aims to improve the health status of Ethiopians people through provision of adequate and optimum quality promotive, preventive, basic curative and rehabilitative health services to all segments of the population. The major goals include improving the health of mothers and children by reducing maternal mortality ratio, reducing child mortality rate and reduction of total fertility rate. (FMOH, HSDP III, 2005). National reproductive health strategy, 2006-2015 The national reproductive health strategy was developed in 2006 after comprehensive consultation process with all relevant stakeholders including various government agencies, at federal and regional level, local and international partners, and community representatives. The strategy reaffirms the commitment of the government by setting forth a targeted and measurable agenda for the coming decade. It builds upon notable initiatives undertaken like the population policy, followed by the formulation of comprehensive health sector development program (HSDP) in 1998 and the recent health extension program and the current plan for accelerated and sustainable development to end poverty which gives priority to reproductive health and family planning. The goal of the strategy is built on the momentum occasioned by the millennium development goals to garner the multicultural support needed to support the reproductive and sexual health needs of the culturally diverse population (FMOH, 2006). Adolescent and youth reproductive health strategy (AYRH) In Ethiopia people less than 15 year age group constitute about 40 percent of the general population. Most of these adolescents are less informed, less experienced and less comfortable to seek access for sexual and reproductive health information and services. Access of reproductive health care information and services targeted for young people contributes to prevent and improve many of their reproductive health problems. To address this issue Ethiopia has launched a national strategy on adolescent and reproductive health that aims to tackle the problems of early marriages and pregnancies, female circumcision, abduction and rape, and poor access to health care for 10 to 24 year olds that will be implemented for eight years (FMOH, 2007). The health extension program Health Extension Program Packages Family health Maternal and child health Family planning Immunization Nutrition Adolescent RH health Disease prevention and control HIV/AIDS TB prevention and control Malaria prevention and control First aid Hygiene and Environmental health Excreta disposal Solid and liquid waste management Water supply and safety measures Food hygiene and safety measures Healthy home environment Control of insects and rodents Personal hygiene Health Education and communication In order to expand health service coverage and improve the delivery of primary health care services to the rural population, the government has introduced an innovative health service delivery system through the implementation of the health extension program (HEP) as part of the 2002-2005 health sector development program II. The HEP moves services out of facilities to the household and village level, and involves 16 packages to be provided at grass roots level focusing on sustained prevention actions and increased awareness. Accelerated expansion of primary health services coverage has also been endorsed as part of facilitating the implementation of the HEP. The HEP empowers communities to collaborate with the government health sector at the kebele level (the lowest administrate level in a woreda [district]), to identify health problems and root causes, seek solutions, set priorities and formulate local plans of action at the grass roots level. The HEP consists of promotive and preventive health care services made accessible to all rural kebeles at a kebele health post, the lowest level of the FMOHs health system. The program includes a cadre of health extension workers (HEW), with each health post staffed by two female health extension workers. Each health post serves a catchment area of approximately 5, 000 people and refers clients to the health centre. The health extension workers have completed schooling to grade ten or higher and originally come from the communities in which they work and live. Recruiting HEWs from their community ensures a more rapid acceptance of the HEW: she speaks the local language, is respected by the community and in turn respects the local traditions and culture of the community. All HEWs receive training in the essential health promotive and preventive health care services that make up 16 health care packages identified in the HSDP. HEWs work closely with and supervise the efforts of volunteer community health workers (VCHWs), including community based reproductive health agents (CBRHAs) and community health promoters. VCHWs conduct house to house visits to provide information on family planning, exclusive breast feeding, nutrition and immunization, and refer individuals to the health post. This coordination between the HEWs and VCHWs maximizes the opportunity to obtain the desired outcomes of the HEP, as well as of the HSDP and the millennium development goals (FMOH, 2003). Problem Statement Population growth The World Bank (WBG 2004) has benchmarked a population growth rate of 2 percent per year as a level beyond which it is difficult for a countries institutions and technologies to keep up with expanding population pressures on all sectors, from water, sanitation, and agriculture to health, housing, and education. Ethiopia adds 2 million people every year, and it is the pace and imbalanced distribution of this population growth, rather than the ultimate size of the population, that most give rise to concerns. These concerns are aggravated by degradation of the environment and natural resources, increased climate variability, and market vulnerability. With 83% rural population, population growth in the rural areas adds to the growing number of rural residents who are land-short and landless. In 2009, 4.9 million beneficiaries were identified as requiring emergency food and non food assistance; another 7.5 million with chronic food insecurity receive assistance (DMFSS/MoARD, 2009). The population trends reported in the nationally representative National NFFS (1990) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) 2000 and 2005 reveal a dynamic society in the early stages of demographic transitions, in which mortality has fallen but fertility remains high (DHS, 2005). With the present imbalance in births and deaths, Ethiopias population could double in size in less than 30 years. Figure 1, Population Growth in Ethiopia, 1990 to 2020, Past, Present Future Demographic Dividend When there are more working-age adults relative to children under age 15 and the elderly, those in the working ages (generally ages 15-59) have a lower dependency burden- fewer people to support with the same income and assets. Under the right conditions, this can lead to a short term but substantial economic bonus. This demographic bonus is a window of opportunity to increase economic output because of the larger workforce; save money on health care and other social services; improve the quality of education; invest more in technology and skills to strengthen the economy; and create the wealth needed to cope with the future aging of the population. As much as one-third of the rapid economic growth among the East Asian tigers can be explained by the growth in the labour force as fertility declined and by the increase in savings and accumulation that accompanied this growth. A demographic dividend will not be realised without prior investment. An educated and unskilled youth populatio n can threaten rather than enhance national stability and economic security (Ringheim et al. 2009). Ethiopia has a great likelihood of capturing a demographic bonus or dividend if manage to slow population growth, if women have fewer children, the altered age structure of the population produces a more favourable ratio of adults in their economically productive years to dependent children and the elderly. With fewer children requiring education and health services, the government has great discretion to invest resources in other critical areas. Greater investment and increased savings create a one time, age structure-related economic growth spurt that is either captured or forever lost. Fertility Determinants In Ethiopia, the proportion of all women who are married has declined as a result of a rising age of marriage and an increase in the proportion of women remaining single. This change is responsible for most of the modest decline in fertility in the last decade. While contraceptive use has not yet played a major role, Ethiopia has among highest levels of unmet need for contraception in Africa (Ahmed J and Mengistu G, 2002). Patterns of family formation are intricately related to the social and cultural norms and practices of society. Marriage is the result of an often extended social process involving the couples, their families and the wider community. The right to found a family is paralleled by the right not to be coerced in marriage. Although information is not readily available about the degree to which this rights are realised in Ethiopia, questions arise in relation to early marriage and limiting number of children a family should have. In Ethiopia, marriage is the destiny of nearly all people. 97% of women in Ethiopia are married at least once in their life (DHS 2000/05). The social pressure to have large families is very strong. The reproductive carrier of women starts early, and one pregnancy follows another with little thought of child spacing. The male oriented structure of the family and the expectation that the women is in charge of all household chores, absorbs her energy, and limits her participation in economic and political activities in the country. Figure 2, Determinants of High Fertility in Ethiopia Family planning CPR 15% Age of Marriage 16.5 years Education of Women 30.9% Tradition Family Structure Womens Role Empowerment Employment 45% Economy BPL 40% Infant mortality 77/1000 LB High fertility rate 5.4 Education discourages high fertility through economic factors in ways that it reduces the economic utility of children. It creates aspirations for upward social mobility and the accumulation of wealth. It also increases the opportunity cost of womens time and enhances the likelihood of their employment outside home. However the education level women particularly girls education is low (40%) in Ethiopia. Another strong factor underlying large family size preference in Ethiopia is parents dependence on children for social security. Children provide economic support in old age and help in emergencies or time of adversity, and take care of their parents by taking them to their homes. This expectation declines with level of increasing education (UNFPA 2008, Desta K and Seyoum G, 1998) According to the in-depth analysis of the DHS 2005 data, low lifetime fertility is observed among urban residents, those achieving secondary and above education, women who have frequent access to media, employed in the modern sector of the economy, and are getting married after the age of 18. High fertility on the other hand prevailed among those experiencing child loss, and women residing in the regions where values of children are supposed to be high. High fertility is also observed among women experiencing child mortality. Death of a child tends to increase lifetime fertility by 25 percent while the death of two or more children increases it by 45 percent among all women of reproductive age. Getting married at age 18 and later is also demonstrated to reduce fertility by 24 percent when compared to those entered marital life early. In countries like Ethiopia where contraceptive prevalence rate is low, increasing age at first marriage could reduce lifetime fertility by minimizing the exposure time to the risks of pregnancy (UNFPA 2008). A survey done in southern Ethiopia also showed important socio demographic determinants of fertility like poor educational status, absence of income, rural place of birth, early marriage, history of child death to be significantly associated with high fertility rate (Geberemdhin and Betre 2009). Low coverage of family planning service The service coverage and uptake of modern contraceptives is very low in Ethiopia. The majority of Ethiopian women (78 %) and men (76%) prefer to space or limit the number of their children they have. and have a potential need for family planning, 34% of currently married women have an unmet need for family planning (DHS 2005). If all currently married women who say they want to space or limit the number of children were to use family planning, the contraceptives prevalence rate of Ethiopia would increase from the current 15 to 49 percent. The family planning service was limited to urban facilities for a long time with limited access and coverage. It was practiced as a vertical program and mainly supported by external funding. Long term and permanent methods were limited to hospitals and health centres where trained and skilled health workers are practicing. Currently the contraceptive prevalence rate is 15 percent. Figure 2, Trend in CPR modern methods, married women: 1990-2005-Ethiopia Most methods used are injectables (61%) followed by the pill (25%). The use of long term and permanent methods is nearly absent: use of Implant among married women is 0.2 % while IUCD use with same group is 0.1% (DHS, 2005). Causes of low coverage of family planning service The causes for the low coverage of the service can be seen from two directions: organizational/institutional and community level causes. From the health service organizations the major factors include limited service outlets (failure to expand), lack of skilled human resources in the facilities which is due to shortage, lack of training, lack of motivation. Erratic supply of contraceptive due to inadequate and inefficient procurement and poor distribution system also needs attention. With respect to service delivery organization causes include lack of integration of family planning service, permanent assignment of staffs, poor coordination between public and private for profit and for non profit including lack of referral mechanism and inefficient use of available resources. From the community side, the diversified cultural and traditional practices in the different segments of the population plays role in hindering the use of contraceptives. Cultural barriers, partners and peer influence lack of adequate knowledge of the contraceptives, accessibility and acceptability, affordability, and perceived attitudes of service providers and rumours about contraceptives also important factors to be addressed for successful program implementation. Figure 5, Causes of low coverage and uptake of FP depicted in systems framework Consequences of high fertility The consequences of high fertility include unwanted pregnancy often leads to unsafe abortion attributable to contraceptive non-use, incorrect use, or method failure. High fertility also affects the well-being of mothers and their children. Maternal mortality and morbidity are strongly associated with high parity and early childbearing. High population growth will lead to increasing number of children who need schooling which the education sector cant satisfy. High parity restricts womens educational and economical opportunities, thereby limiting their potential for empowerment broadly, as well as their ability to safeguard the health and economic well-being of the family and community at large. Low educational attainment further perpetuates high fertility, as these women tend to have less knowledge of and access to family planning options. Environmental degradation and impact on health is also one of the long term effects of rapid population growth. It is also seen to strain the capacity of the government and non-governmental organizations to provide important social services such as schools, health care, clean water and sanitation. The growing population demand for land redistribution cant be satisfied and there will be rural urban migration, household food insecurity, high unemployment rate and other associated problems. Rapid and unhindered population growth is a significant factor in exacerbating food shortages in Ethiopia. Of the total population an estimated 12 million are facing serious threats from food insecurity and famine. More than the half of the countries under five children are stunted and some 45 percent are underweight (PAI 2005). Role of health extension workers in family planning service scale up Analysis of the DHS data Knowledge of family planning Adequate Knowledge about contraception among women and men is a major determinant of the use of contraceptive methods. The analysis of the data from the two demographic and health surveys shows that the percentage of women with knowledge of any family planning method showed an increased by 39 percent during the last 15 years, from 62 to 86 percent in 1990 and in 2005 consecutively. As shown in table 1, although knowledge of modern methods of contraceptives increased from 2000 to 2005, knowledge about injectables and condom has increased substantially among both women and men over the same period (MII 2007). As one of the important task of the health extension workers, they are playing a major role in transmitting knowledge in their specific community abut the different contraceptive methods use, side effect, and other important information. Even though there is no data currently on contraceptive knowledge, in the last five years between 2005 and 2010, there is much progress and increase through the expansion of primary health care coverage and access through health extension workers. Table 1, Knowledge of specific contraceptive methods among women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 Method Percentage of Women Percentage of Men 2000 2005 2000 2005 Any method 81.5 86.1 86.1 91.0 Any modern method 80.8 86.0 84.7 90.7 Female sterilization 23.1 18.4 32.6 26.4 Male sterilization 4.8 6.6 12.6 15.3 Pill 77.5 82.6 78.1 81.2 IUD 11.1 14.8 11.7 14.3 Injectables 65.3 80.9 62.2 79.0 Implants 13.6 22.4 13.9 23.0 Condom 33.0 46.1 64.7 84.2 Diaphragm 4.4 5.9 7.5 8.8 Any traditional method 24.3 20.6 48.0 39.2 Source: DHS data, Ethiopia trend report Current use of family planning Trend analysis of current use of contraceptive, provide insight into measuring determinants of fertility and helps to assess the success of family planning program. As shown in figure 6, current use of contraceptive methods among currently married women tripled in the 15 years between 1990 and 2005 from 5 percent to 15 percent. The increase is especially marked for modern methods. Current use of modern methods doubled during the first 10-year period and more than doubled during the last five years from 6 percent in 2000 to

Culture as Social Legacy in Mirror for Man :: Mirror for Man Essays

In Clyde Kluckhohn's Mirror for Man, he explains the differences and similarities among the world's peoples by stating two important ideas: 1) People are similar because they have the same biological equipment and undergo similar life experiences "such as birth, helplessness, illness, old age, and death," but, 2) people are culturally different because of the way they were brought up and they may live in a different environment created by human beings, and acquire a distinct social legacy from their own people. Kluckhohn suggests that where a person lives is one of the factors that determines one's culture. In China, people have a strong dislike for milk and milk products. In the United States, a person drinks milk from the time of birth because American society has made a pattern for its people; Americans make milk a integral part of their meals because they are told it's the only way to remain healthy and develop strong bones and to avoid disease such as osteoporosis, a disease brought on by the lack of calcium (which is found in milk). Therefore, the Chinese may not understand why Americans drink milk so often, and Americans may wonder why the Chinese do not know the health benefits of milk. Kluckhohn implies that there are cultural misunderstandings between different sets of people because they are not aware that "each specific culture constitutes a kind of blueprint of all life's activities." I do support Kluckhohn's theory that culture is determined by a person's environment and their "design for living." I have been raised in Los Angeles and I have friends of varying ethnic backgrounds, languages, birth places, and cultures. My best friend came from Korea nine years ago and has assimilated to the ways of American behavior. Yet, I do not understand why Sandy remains stoic when she has a serious problem or why her parents never display public affection to her or to themselves. I asked my mother if Sandy's behavior was strange and she replied "no" because she said Sandy is from Korea where she was brought up in a different environment, where her culture taught her ethical and moral values that differ from values taught in the United States. I came to realize that although Sandy will remain in the United States for the rest of her life, she may never "give up" her Korean values or her Korean upbringing.

A Critique of Bushs Speeches after September 11 -- Speaking Analysis

A Critique of Bush's Speeches after September 11 After the terrorists attacks on September eleventh, President Bush had to prepare himself to address the nation with intensions to calm the United States citizens and give them some answers. The President had many speeches in the week after this happened and some words he used were not as concise as they could have been. These words and phrases are his attempts to comfort the United States people but only anger the terrorists he has declared war with. In a critique of Bushs speeches in the weeks after the tragedy, it is written, He called for revenge, called Osama bin Laden the prime suspect and asked for him dead or alive. (Max 1) Using such strong words gives an impression that Bush is overly confident and jumping to conclusions. Using revenge would imply retaliation and in result would come a war. Bush seems so sure that bin Laden is responsible when, still as of this day, he has no hard evidence. Asking for him dead or alive is probably the first threat he made. The only accompli shment Bush got out of making these accusations and threats was making the American people nervous. The citizens of the United States may not agree with the decisions he is making for the country. Bush needed another chance to redeem himself and comfort his people. A committee of speechwriters and George Bush spent time writing the speech that was given on September twentieth. In this speech, the President made more sense and brought his ideas together more clearly, with phrases and topics that would calm the citizens of the United States. Americans were still unclear of who had performed these acts of terror and were nervous because Bush was being rash, and wasnt speaking with confidence. The president answers questions, revealing which organization was responsible and their mission as people. Bushs speech on the twentieth reveals that, The terrorists directive commands them to kill Christians and Jews, to kill all Americans, and make no distinction among military and civilians, including women and children. (pg. 2) The president clarifies that bin Laden is the leader of the terrorist organization, Al queda, so that the Americans can understand whom we are going to war with. As said in The End Of Innocence, And today the enemy must be named as terrorism, or more broadly as any who might disrupt the spread of "open societi... ...ed States and to provide its people with knowledge of what to prepare for in the future. The president spoke to the nation numerous times in the week after these attacks, and he began to reveal that his situation was making him nervous and even scared in his speeches. The president had to show his confidence and reassure the nation with relief in his speech on September twentieth. The president was there most of the time his writers were working on the speech, and it seemed he was comfortable speaking the topics of the speech. After the speech was recited, Ted Kennedy stated that The presidents speech was exactly what the nation neededa message of determination and hope, strength and compassion.(Words that Changedetc. 11 par. 1) The president allowed the citizens of the Unites States of America to feel confident with the status of our nation in the future, after he gave this speech. Works Cited 1. Max, D.T. The 2,988 Words That Changed a Presidency: An Etymology. The New York Times, 7 Oct. 2001 2. Bush, George W. "President Bush's Speech to the Nation." Capitol. Washington, D.C. 20 Sept. 2001. 3. Rogers, Joel. The End Of Innocence. The Nation, 17 Sept. 2001

Pickwick Papers :: Free Essays Online

Pickwick Papers Charles Dickens’ The Pickwick Papers Dickens’ first novel, originally titled The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, began as a concept first brought forth in the early part of the year 1836. It was at this time when Robert Seymour, an etcher and caricaturist of the day, approached publishers Chapman and Hall with his idea for a series of humorous sketches depicting the mannerisms and way of life of â€Å"Cockney amateurs on holiday in the field.† Seymour had already made a success of sketches that depicted similar subject matter, namely that of Cockney sports, and the follies of members of the fictional â€Å"Nimrod Club.† The publishers agreed to fund the project, under the condition that the sketches be accompanied by some literary commentary. Upon agreement, the publishers set out to find a writer and were turned down several times before they approached Charles Dickens, then a young journalist who had recently published a collection of his own called Sketches by Boz. His role , they informed him, would be to provide a text that was secondary and arising only from the sketches. At the time, Dickens, only twenty-three years old, was about to be married and was willing to take on the project as a means of earning some extra money. He showed his cunning even at that early age, though, when he convinced the publishers that there should be a shift in priorities, telling them that he believed that it would be â€Å"infinitely better for the plates to arise naturally out of the text† (Forster). He also informed the publishers that the original concept, which was to focus on Cockney Sportsmanship was a tired subject, that had been done all too often in the past, and he himself knew very little about the subject. Dickens then proposed to alter the concept and allow for a â€Å"freer range of English scenes and people – a panorama of rural England to complement his mainly urban Sketches by Boz† (Kinsley). On March 26, 1836, The Times announced that â€Å"on the 31st would be published the first shilling of the Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, edited by Boz. Shortly after, that same publication announced that on April 2nd, Mr.

Balance Scorecard Training Essay

Business: Online Personal Training and nutrition plans called Lose the Fat Girl The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic performance management framework that has been designed to help an organization monitor its performance and manage the execution of its strategy. In a recent world-wide study on management tool usage, the Balanced Scorecard was found to be the sixth most widely used management tool across the globe which also had one of the highest overall satisfaction ratings (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). In its simplest form the Balanced Scorecard breaks performance monitoring into four interconnected perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal Processes and Learning & Growth. According to Pearce and Robinson (2009), the financial perspective covers the financial objectives of an organization and allows managers to track financial success and shareholder value. The customer perspective covers the customer objectives such as customer satisfaction, market share goals as well as product and service attributes. The Internal process perspective covers internal operational goals and outlines the key processes necessary to deliver the customer objectives. The learning and growth perspective covers the intangible drivers of future success such as human capital, organizational capital and information capital including skills, training, organizational culture, leadership, systems and databases. Deriving what the company wants to get done starts with looking at why the company was founded in the first place. Basic principles that the company was founded upon helped drive its past to bring it to a successful present, and sustain the future for years to come. Lose the Fat Girl has a great plan to finish out the 2013 fiscal year on a strong note and even going into 2014 on the right foot would be beneficial to the company as a whole. The goals that were accomplished comparing year-over-year figures reveal that we have set goals to increase overall revenue, shareholder value, and capital  interest substantially and our results prove that these were realistic figures that we have set out for ourselves. There was a 30% increase in revenue compared to this time last year. Increases in shareholder value over the past two years of 15% , a steady average gain each year. Customer retention is at 90% and employee turnover is 0% since the company first started. Lose the Fat Girl is committed to developing personalized fitness programs that will motivate, support, and get each individual to their desired fitness goals by using safe and effective training techniques, for guaranteed results. The mission statement indicates that the company wants to touch and change people’s lives because it cares which will keep customers training for longer periods of time. The mission statement creates the foundation and is a reminder of the company’s overall purpose: To change people’s lives for the better. Working out has and always will be a problem for many people around the world. A service like this would allow us to reach people anywhere. This mission statement came about because of the need to help people that work long hours and simply need a little help, or push to get back in to shape by creating a lifestyle. Making training and coaching available to our clients anywhere has made it easier for more people to access our services. Looking at values for the company, we came up with a simple approach that coincides with what our clients ultimately find to be solid values to find in a company they can trust. Forming a strongly rooted client base, strict certification practices being encouraged and mandatory for employees, and even offering products that are going to fit the customer the best way possible are some of the things we encourage. Follow-ups are critical in making sure the client is happy with the services they are receiving at all times. This will continue a strong pipeline of customers for the future, instill confidence in the customer in knowing they are in the best hands possible, and customers ultimately benefit the best way possible in the end. The idea of the balanced scorecard is simple but extremely powerful if implemented well. As long as you use the key ideas to create a unique strategy and visualize it in a cause-and-effect map, align the organization and its processes to the objectives identified in the strategic map, design meaningful key performance indicators (KPI) and use them to facilitate learning and improved decision making you will end up with a powerful tool that should lead to better performance (Pearce &  Robinson, 2009). References Pearce, J.A. II, & Robinson, R.B. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control (11th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Descriptive paragraphs

A teacher's way of teaching and leading can have a significant impact on the emotional and mental development of his or her students. As I step into my math class, I see eight students lining up in a row with their hands out in front of them. Mercilessly, the teacher swings his stick at their hands, counting from one to ten. Each time the stick beats down, I can feel as if a nail is hammered into my eardrums. My heart continues to pound as some of the students cries. The mad teacher finishes up with his beatings and yells out, â€Å"Getting 50% and under is unacceptable!The sudden scream from the teacher scares me as my hands squeeze together. â€Å"l am calling each and every single of your parents and letting them know the shame you brought to my class,† he shouts. The day ends with me lying on my bed trying to fall asleep as the crying of my classmates haunts my brain making me uncomfortable. After two hours, I am finally able to get some sleep. Next morning, I feel pain f rom the beatings slowly concentrate on my legs as I suddenly wake up. The dorm supervisor wakes us up with his rod at 6:30 in the morning. While I fold my bed and brush my teeth, the supervisor rushes us and shouts, â€Å"Hurry up!Lazy bums! † We sloppily get ready and Jog to the main school building. Terrified, I step into the classroom and notice that a quarter of the class didn't show up. I wait for the teacher, convincing myself that it won't be the teacher from yesterday. I wait patiently as I hear footsteps approaching the classroom and suddenly, everyone stops chattering. The same teacher walks in. He glared at us with his angry face getting ready to force his lesson on us. The teacher concludes his lousy lecture and five pages of homework. I take out my notebook and start tackling the questions.A student pproaches the infuriated teacher asking for help. miou don't even know how to solve this? † He questions as if he were talking to a three year old. â€Å"Why a re you even in my class? † he mocked. â€Å"l suggest you go back and learn one plus one. † The teacher sends the student away in embarrassment as he returns to his corner. Please don't let any of this happen to me, I pray. The bell rang. I rush outside of the prison and finally was able to relax my muscles. The supervisor picks us up and walks us toward the cafeteria. I had no stomach for food, after all the nasty events that I have witnessed already.I chew on some dry bread as if my life is hopeless. I head outside my classroom, looking at the grim towers of my school. I took a breath of the smoky air as I mentally prepare myself for my next class. With my next class in session, the grumpy teacher walks around scanning us while we write our quiz. There is a lot of pressure because of the thought of getting beaten that lies within my mind. My hands shake as I try to solve these complex questions. The danger of me even making one mistake me tremble as I let go of my pap er into the pile. I wipe off the sweat on my forehead and wait for my quiz mark.With my fingers crossed, the marking is finished. The look on the teacher's face isn't friendly as he walks up to the front of the room. He announces, â€Å"The following student get to the front desk and put your hands out, Sam, Tom, John, Sarah, Jack†¦ † He continues as I beg that he would not call my name. â€Å"Ethan, Justin, and†¦ Tony,† he ends. My heart stops as I think to myself, it's over. I toddle back to the dorm with my hand dreadfully bruised. I lay on my bed thinking about my home and my parents . Tears sta rt rolling down my cheeks as the day ends, along with what little desire I had left to stay.

Blues Musician Ethel Waters Essay

Triple threat Ethel Waters (October 31, 1896-September 1, 1977) amazing ability to entertain audiences with an unreal stage presence and spell bounding singing voice can be viewed by downloading clips of her acts. She was a Black heavy set entertainer coming from an unusually bad childhood. All of those experiences she was born into seemed to influence her to become stronger and handle the setbacks in her career and life in general. Her singing career began in 1917 on a Halloween night when she showed up for a costume party. Her friends encouraged her to sing just for fun. She did, astounding the audience with her entrancing singing style that was uniquely hers. After hearing her singing performances at the Halloween party, Lincoln Theatre in Baltimore Maryland immediately offered her a contract. After she left Lincoln Theatre, she performed at Harlem nightclubs, working till exhaustion. Later she joined a carnival, working nightly Vaudeville shows. After Vaudeville, she sang in another exclusive Harlem night club with Besse Smith. Besse Smith requested Waters refrain from singing Blues. Besse was already the designated Blues singer. Waters was fine with Smith’s request, because her unique style allowed her to sing multiple categories of music. â€Å"Ethel Waters was an innovative and terrifically influential singer, and she broke through racial barriers in movies, theater, nightclubs, radio, film, and television opening doors for everyone who came after her; She deserves much better to be remembered† (McCorkle, 1994). Ethel Waters Singing and Acting Style; Ethel Waters contributions setting her apart from other singers is that she sings Blues, Jazz, Showtunes, Pop, Dance music, Big Band, Broadway and Gospel. Most of her songs are ballads, yet carry upbeat Jazz embellishments. Her voice does not even sound humanly possible. In the 1940’s there were no voice enhancing technology. She developed this unique style of vocal pronunciation by combining two different elements passed down from her mother and her grandmother. Her grandmother told her to keep a low soft, toned voice. Her mother encouraged aggressiveness, loudness, forceful vocal tones. She combined the two styles of vocal projections to sing unlimited types of music. Her voice is not loud or flashy, but filled with emotions, projecting her charisma to the audience. After her Harlem night club acts, she sang â€Å"Oh Daddy. † Oh Daddy resulted in Ethel Waters being the first Black female signed by Black Swan Records. The song immediately topped best selling charts. Because of popularity from the song, she toured with the Black Swan Jazz Masters and Fletcher Henderson. From this tour, she became noted for her dance shimmys and soft, soothing singing style. Her personality and spirituality came through as she created individual ways of interpreting lyrics of songs she sang. Bringing her own individualism to music carried over into movie roles she played. Waters was cast in many television roles in 1920’s-30’s. She played many mammy roles. She always brought her own flair to the scripts, never interpreting roles exactly as written. â€Å"What was the most remarkable about Waters performance was how she reconstructed the mammy character into one that challenged stereotypes† (McElrath, no date). Producers not only seem to not mind her taking initiative to try something different, but were actually impressed by Waters own interpretations of the written scripts. Mammy characters were being portrayed as strong Black females, resembling lifetime heroes. â€Å"Mamba’s Daughters† is the movie that popularized and brought recognition to Waters as an actress. At this time, Black actors had only non prominent roles available to them. In 1943, all of that was about to change. She took advantage of what was available to her, incorporated superb acting skills and stage presence, breaking limiting traditions. Today, Waters is greatly appreciated by many Black female singers, dancers and actresses for opening doors for them. Cabin in the Sky; Cabin in the Sky was first released as an MGM Broadway musical in 1940. The Cabin in the Sky was a story about a man who was murdered because he could not repay his gambling debts. He has only a few months to save his soul before he can enter into heaven. In 1943, the film version of Cabin in the Sky was released, being the very first production to hire an all African American cast. This was the show that was the breaking point, allowing Black actors to play significant roles, eventually making them eligible to be nominated and receive awards. In these times, it was a financial risk to cast an all Black production. Everytime a new movie, musical, video or album is made, the production company invest plenty of money, hoping it will be a success with the public. MGM was a big enough and financially stable enough company to take the financial risk. It was also the changing of times. People wanted different entertainment, something extraordinary, something they never seen before. Waters, once again changed up her script she played as Petuna. This time, she added a very shocking, unexpected dimension to the role. Besides breaking racial barriers, Cabin in the Sky threw out all rules of ethic modesty. Waters stunned everyone by adding a a sexy, suggestive musical dance style influence to her character, she starred as a female singing and dancing while taking a bubble bath. In 1943, this was considered â€Å"past the limits. † The show was a huge success so much that it was nominated for an award; the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The show was nominated for the song, â€Å"Happiness is a thing called Joe,† sung by Ella Fitzgerald. Cabin in the Sky made historical changes, had people talking endlessly about the show for years. For all these years, no one ever heard of it. It was recently released on DVD in 2006. Declining Work for Ethel Waters; Even though she was a fabulous triple threat, an asset to any show, Waters quickly found herself unemployable. While theatre and music producers welcomed Waters changing up the roles she played to suit her individuality, there is one part of her that was not acceptable. All the producers complained about her bad tempered attitude. Usually, when something works, the producers will put up with most anything from actors. However, that phase is passing, because there is to many talented actors who will not cause problems. From 1942-1949, producers refused to cast her in any roles. For a while, Cabin in the Sky was her last role. The producers had enough when her temper flared her co-worker, Lena Horne sprained her ankle. Waters went into a jealous rage claiming that Horne was getting far to much attention. In 1949, producers gave her another chance. She played another mammy role in â€Å"Pinky. † Her exceptional performance in â€Å"Pinky† won her an award for Best Supporting Actress. (McElrath, no date). The Civil Rights Movement in the 50’s-60’s brought a change that did not help Waters. People felt her roles as mammy’s were degrading to Blacks, and showing them in a way that would not contribute to their respect. When Waters was growing up, her career ambitions was to work for rich white people. She did not work for rich white people, but her roles where a Black woman working for other people. The Civil Rights Movement frowned upon Black actresses playing domestic roles. Although Ethel Waters achieved respect for Blacks, her accomplishments are all forgotten. She is remembered as an actress that promoted Black housekeepers. Many people think of her as someone who broke racial and other barriers in society. His Eye On The Sparrow; Waters Autobiography â€Å"The two great struggles in Waters life were poverty and racism. But matching these were her two great strengths: an iron will and deep faith† (Anderson 2002). Waters spoke proudly of her spiritual faith, letting in be known her religious traditions is what gave her strength to overcoming obstacles and struggles. In 1951, Waters autobiography was published, named His Eye On the Sparrow. His Eye On the Sparrow, originally sung by two white men, Civillia Martin and Charles Gabriel, belongs to the gospel category. African American Ethel Waters were greatly inspired by lyrics of the song so much she used it for her intriguing autobiography. She recognized the lyrics as a reflection of her own life, and a reminder as to where her amazing strength came from. â€Å"Waters was blessed, however, with a singing voice, and would work her way through the black vaudeville circuit to Broadway and into Hollywood. She was known as a singer of Jazz, Blues and show music, but also for her strong Christian faith-she sang spirituals and gospels on tour with Billy Graham† (Jones, 2005). According to her, success was not influenced on behavior of people surrounding her, her race or economic or disadvantaged background, but influenced by her beliefs. â€Å"Why should I feel discouraged? Why should the shadows come†¦I sing because I’m happy; I sing because I am free† (Lyrics). The people surrounding her were disadvantaged, but she was strong and gifted. And she was Black! Those strong beliefs and sense of spirituality were all she needed for thriving success. â€Å"His eye is on the Sparrow, and I know he watches over me† (Lyrics). Fair or not, in those days people in positions to offer employment opportunities saw a Black person, and opinions regarding their abilities stopped right there. However, people like Ethel Waters changed all of that. Today, music is surpassing limitations because of combining cultures and different styles of music. The book follows her life from being born illegitimately to an unloving, uncaring mother living in poverty conditions to her fame on Broadway. Conclusion; Although Ethel did not realize it at the time, she lived a life that was very interesting and fascinating to many people. She was in demand for many performances because she was a fluent Jazz and Blues female vocalists. However, she sung all types of music. She opens the new world that blues and pop music can be sung by one singer. Her famous career began at a Halloween costume party, progressed to a professional theater, then Harlem Nightclubs, Vaudeville, eventually on television, and Broadway. Her acting career was just as successful, even with its ups and downs. Her religious beliefs and faith in God played significant roles providing her with inner strength making it possible to bring great entertainment across the screens and stages. Her autobiography, written just a few years before she died was based on a highly spiritual song played in sacred settings. Her accomplishments can be remembered in her movie Cabin in the Sky and her book, His Eye on the Sparrow. In 80 years, she made contributions and changes through her career with great influences. On September 1, 1977, she passed away of cancer. Notes; Anderson, George M. 2002. â€Å"Of Many Things. † America 186, no. 17: 2. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 23, 2007). http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=6661900&site=ehost-live Jones, Kenneth, 2005 â€Å"His Eye on the Sparrow† Playbill Article 95572 PlayBill. com(Accessed October 23) http://www. playbill. com/news/article/95572. html McCorkle, Susannah. 1994. â€Å"The mother of us all. † American Heritage 45, no. 1: 60. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (Accessed October 23, 2007). http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9401267528&site=ehost-live McElrath, Jessica (no date) â€Å"Remembering the Career of Ethel Waters† About. com; African American History ( Accessed October 24, 2007) http://afroamhistory. about. com/od/ethelwaters/a/bio_waters_e. htm Clips; TCM Trailers; Cabin in the Sky http://video. aol. com/video/blackvoices-tcm-trailers-cabin-in-the-sky/1636935 Ethel Waters; His Eye on the Sparrow http://video. aol. com/video-detail/ethel-waters-his-eye-is-on-the-sparrow/4163930375