The Dynamics of Design High Street and High Design Essay

The Dynamics of Design High Street and High Design - Essay Example The advanced hypothesis adheres to the comparative suspicion that pants are a solace proclamation, yet it likewise weights on the way that it is a need. Here, the advanced hypothesis takes off on an increasingly interpretative note. While some pants are a need, the tone for extravagance has been set by famous people loaning their names to a line of pants and other fashioner pants that 'fit and look better' than the ordinary brands. For instance, while a great many people would pick a couple of Lee or Levis', plan high road style is accomplished with Zara and Marks and Spencers', and high structure is accomplished by a couture name like Armani or that of Victoria Beckham's. Then again, inside the advanced hypothesis comes the subsequent contort. Here, plan high road meets high structure by and large when a VIP underwrites a specific brand. This can be better comprehended through the accompanying lines: When something has been seen, at that point it has been noted and the message is recorded. In the expressions of clinician, W. H. Ittelson and F. T. Kilpatrick, discernment can't be unequivocal, of 'what is'. Or maybe what we see is made without anyone else, which is for the most part dependent on past encounters (Arnorld,1992). Additionally individuals' impression of brand are represented by certain elements which are close to home and open. It is one of significant difficulties for a publicist attempting to arrive at the clients, either by any type of mass correspondence like paper, or TV promotion with the goal that they could see it. Indeed, even in some cases the purchaser pass up a major opportunity a few messages coordinated to them. So the primary concern is to give them presentation. (Arnold, 1992, p. 241). For instance on the off chance that all the promotions are in hues, at that point a high contrast will be taken note. So by this the clients consideration can be taken. Mindfulness: Mindfulness infers that the message has established a connection with the crowd or peruser, who would then be able to distinguish the pair of pants. Despite the fact that mindfulness is a low type of effect, however it is target of an extraordinary advertisement. Relative low degree of consideration can make least mindfulness for low intrigue item (Sudijic,1985). . Brand value: This is a significant idea from 1990s. This alludes to the utilization of regarded brand name to increase the value of the pants. Marking is an approach to support the client's memory

Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Business Research - Essay Example Consumer loyalty increases even more pertinence in accommodation industry like the inn business. The Ritz inn is one of the renowned and lavish inns in France. The inn is situated at the core of Paris in France and is one of the seven perceived Parisian castle lodgings. Ritz by and by offers 159 rooms with suites, café, bars and private salons. Consistent with the soul of Ritz, each room offers an amicable mix of current straightforwardness and traditional appeal in a quintessentially French style. While there can be numerous motivations to pick Ritz over others; a few reasons must be experienced (Ritz Paris, n.d.). The lodging, presently, plans to assess the degree of consumer loyalty with the assistance of an overview. ‘Guest Satisfaction Questionnaire’ is disseminated in different visitor rooms and set-ups of the inn. This report contains the poll alongside legitimate procedure to break down the equivalent. An end has been derived from the examination and conceivable proposals are recommended to improve the administration. Consumer loyalty is significantly comprehended as the feeling of fulfillment that a client feels when the person in question contrasts their desires and the real nature of the gained administration. Fulfillment is firmly identified with the nature of the administration (Krivobokova, 2009). Without client criticism, the nature of administration is amazingly hard to evaluate. That is the reason direct association of the clients is important to break down the improvement exercises. Since assessment of the degree of consumer loyalty requests an impressive contribution from the clients, studies are of vital significance. Client review is a piece of essential research. For this situation essential looks into are utilized to examine an issue explicit to business and to get input from the clients. Essential research conveys more explicit outcomes than the optional research. Then again, auxiliary research is done on

Agency and partnershipl law assessed coursework Essay

Organization and partnershipl law evaluated coursework - Essay Example An agent’s genuine authority might be either suggested or express. As respects to communicate authority, there will be no issues as everything will be clarified or foreordained. An apparent power will happen when if the authority has been presented on the operator, regardless of whether such authority isn't offered to him by express words. For moment, if a back up plan allows his operator to have possessing clear spread notes, at that point the safety net provider verifiably allows him to make impermanent protection contracts for benefit the guarantor. On the off chance that transitory oral agreements entered by a specialist are in effect ceaselessly received by the safety net provider, at that point it will give an apparent expert on that agent1. This examination article will make a sincere endeavor to set up that there is no any contrast between the acutual and apparent authority as it gives off an impression of being . Examination Usual Authority of an Agent An agentâ€℠¢s normal authority is deciphered by the courts out of sight of genuine certain force, which is being given to a specialist because of situation of a particular case like common intensity of an operator from a particular custom or specific exchange. In this manner, normal authority of an operator is seen as a component of obvious or genuine power. . In Watteau v Fenwick , the chief of a brew house had the express power to purchase stogies from the respondent onlyHowever, the specialist (administrator) purchased the stogies from the offended party. In a suit for professing to settle the sum because of the offended party, it was held that as the offended party didn't know about the express limitation, and since, it fell inside the standard intensity of the supervisor of a brew house to put in a request for this sort of products, the chief was held accountable3. Notwithstanding, in Daun v Simmins4, the choice held in Watteau v Fenwick was differentiated where it was seen that if an ope rator (director) of a â€Å"tied† open house just has the force when all is said in done to buy spirits from a particular source. In cases this way, no dependence on a suggested authority can be made by a provider in order to sue the principal5. Inferred or Ostensible or Apparent Authority A verifiable or suggested or evident or apparent position implies where an outsider is tempted to go into an agreement with a head through a gathering who appears to have capacity to capacity or act however as a general rule , he is missing such force or authority. In â€Å"Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd†, Diplock, LJ held that there is tremendous contrast between obvious power and genuine position. In spite of these, terms are constantly concurred and existed together without the other and their significant foundation might be various. In real position, there is a relationship which exists between a specialist and the head legitimately which is guided b y a consistent consent to which they are respected to be parties6. In ING Re (UK) Ltd v R and V Versicherung AG7, the clear authority of a specialist was clarified by Toulson J as one, which is footed upon estoppel by portrayal. Where an outsider (X) is being caused or spoken to by a Principal (P) that the operator (A) has the ability to work for P’s benefit, and X is managing An as a specialist of P simply on the dependence of such portrayal, P is at risk to the demonstrations of A to a similar extent as though A had the necessary force which he was showing as possessing8. In Zurich General Accident and Liability

Free Essays on Verbal And Non-verbal Communication

, you see language and use it in your very own manner, yet in general it is formed by your cu... Free Essays on Verbal And Non-verbal Communication Free Essays on Verbal And Non-verbal Communication Verbal and Non-verbal Communication A great many people will concur that correspondence is the most significant piece of culture. It permits us to share thoughts, sentiments, and feelings. This is the thing that isolates people from different creatures. Correspondence can be broken into two sections, verbal and non-verbal. Verbal utilizations language, while non-verbal is comprised of various things. Non-verbal correspondence is activities or motions that can be seen that don’t come legitimately from physical language. Association between individuals would not be conceivable without these two types of correspondence. Language is the essential methods for safeguarding and transmitting society (Porter 139). Language utilizes images (words) which are given sounds shifting from culture to culture. The images are amassed together utilizing various standards to frame the real language. These words are given importance by the way of life in which you live in. Language has a few diverse essential capacities, for example, marking, collaboration, and transmission (139). Marking serves to offer character to what is being discussed. The cooperation work permits us to share thoughts and feelings. Transmission is the manner by which we pass data on. Language has different capacities also. The most helpful one is discussion. This is the significant procedure of how we collaborate with each other. Language can be utilized to communicate feelings, musings, history, reality, and personality. We use language to associate with one another just as discussion about the past, present, and future. Language is legitimately connected to singular culture. Word use and significance are found out (164), and contrast among the different societies around the globe. Every language has its own sounds and rules for utilizing their images. The correspondence procedure can be broken into four sections. You can get, store, control, and create images to speak to your own world. At the end of the day, you see language and use it in your very own manner, however by and large it is molded by your cu...

Admitted Fall Transfer Students Next Steps

Admitted Fall Transfer Students Next Steps Congratulations on your admission to Illinois! Now that you’re officially part of the Illinois Legacy, I want to provide you some information about your next steps to enrollment. I hope this will help with your transition to Illinois. 1. Accept your offer! You’ve been admitted, and that’s a big deal. You can accept your offer throughyour myIllini account. Note that you must also submit a nonrefundable enrollment fee when you do so. Once you accept your offer, you will have access to each part of your Admitted Student Checklist. If you applied for fall admission, you should accept your offer online by May 1 (or within 2 weeks if you receive your Notice of Admission packet after April 15). The sooner you accept your offer of admission, the sooner you can sign up for registration, submit your housing request, and more. 2. Review and complete your Admitted Student Checklist. This checklist will allow you to preview and manage all of the necessary next steps to enrollment. You will be able to claim your NetID, sign up for New Student Registration, decide on tuition and billing payment options, and learn about what documents you need to submit. Also included in your myIllini account is your transfer evaluation report. This report shows you how each of your courses transfer to Illinois. 3. Successfully complete your classes at your current institution. It is a condition of your admission that you maintain your grades for your final semester before transferring. You can start preparing for Illinois, but don’t lose sight of the classes you are in now! 4. Decide where you want to live. As a transfer student, you may have the option to live in off-campus housing if you have more than 30 credit hours or have lived on campus in university housing at another institution for one year. Youshould consult with the Housing Information Office before signing a lease to ensure you meet the requirements to live off campus. If you want to live on campus, your options include bothUniversity HousingorPrivate Certified Housing. Two of our halls, Scott and Bousfield, include communities specifically for transfers. If you plan to live off campus, the Off-Campus Community Living office can help you find apartments and houses and even review leases. 5. Register for Transfer Illini Day. It is not a requirement, but we encourage you to attend our Transfer Illini Day. This event is designed to help admitted transfer students learn more about university and campus resources. This year’s program will take place in the Illini Union on April 17, 2020. Youll receive an invitation email to sign up for it soon if you havent already. 6. Submit your final spring transcripts. Your admission decision is contingent on successful completion of any courses in progress or that you planned to take prior to entry to Illinois. For fall enrollment, you should have your final college transcripts sent to our office by June 15. If you’re taking summer courses, the final transcript needs to be sent as soon as your summer grades are finalized. All transcripts must be sent directly from the institution at which the courses were taken. If you have any questions about the enrollment process, please feel free to contact our office at 217-333-0302 or by email at admissions@illinois.edu. Looking forward to having you on campus! Fabian Admissions Counselor, Undergraduate Admissions I'm excited to help transfer students navigate and master the application process to find the right fit for them. As an Illinois transfer student and now an alumni, providing this information is my priority.

Life Of Allan Poe How They Contributed To Literary Style - 825 Words

The Life Of Allan Poe And How They Contributed To His Literary Style (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutorCourseDateThe Man of the Crowd  and The Purloined Letter  AnalysisWith his influence in fiction writings, Poe has contributed to the advancement of this genre based on the suspense and development of characters in his stories. The suspense and the intrigue in the storylines and the use of powerful characters have significantly influenced fictional detective writing. The Man of the Crowd  and The Purloined Letter  have contradictory styles of writing, which is the core purpose of conducting the analysis between the two publications.An analysis of the characters in the two stories indicates the presence of an aspect of mystic in the authors works. The mystery surrounding the old man in The Man of the Crowd  is developed to an extent that by the end of the story, the audience remains unaware of his traits. The narrator highlights several characteristics of the man, but falls short to give conclusive attributes although he quickly does this for oth er characters. Similarly, in the The Purloined Letter  the story concludes before the reader can understand the contents of the letter. This style of writing endeared Poe to readers that wanted a level of mystery in literature. The author successfully manages to tell a story without actually telling it: by the end of the two literary works, the reader has no conclusive explanations to key issues in these two pieces. Subsequently, Poe created a multiplicity of possible interpretations to his writing, which invoked curiosity among his audience. Interestingly, similar mystic surrounds the authors death, as was his writing, which is exemplified in these two pieces. Arguably, Poe left his followers with an unresolved story to unravel on how he died: some even believe he faked his death.In the evaluation of the ideas that Poe has in the two stories and comparing with his other publications, it can be noted that the author is invested in the aspect of mystery. The comparison between the two works indicates another aspect of similarity based on the genre of the writings. The descriptions of the old man based on the perspectives of the narrator try to depict the societal factors of crime detection, and the broad realm of social vices can be noted in The Purloined Letter . In both literary pieces, the wide genre of mystery uncovers other crimes within the respective cities. The commitment to mysterious characters can also be indicated as a link between the two works. The pattern of mystery in the publications is noted to have critical criminal detection aspects as Poe describes other illegal activities.The change in the way things go unread between the two stories can be noted through the evaluation of the endings of the stories. At the end of The Man in the Crowd , the character of the mysterious old man goes unread, which indicates the factor of an unsolved crime in society. When comparing the depiction of this story in comparison to The Purloined Letter , the mystery is solved by Duplin and the letter is recovered at the end. The processes undergone by the police in solving the crime are evaluated in the story and the manner in which Duplin steps in to address the crime by finding the letter. The change in the way things go unread can be indicated by the evaluation of the level of mystery in the stories.The underlying theme in both stories is so...

Ir Anti Western And Anti Democracy - 2019 Words

Iran is a country of astounding history, somehow downgraded to a country of stereotypes. While many have knowledge of Iran only in terms of the â€Å"Axis of Evil† and recent claims of it being unabashedly anti-Western and anti-democracy, Iran has actually been well on its way to democracy. In this paper, I will argue that Iran is likely to democratize because of growing societal unrest, economic necessity, and general instability in its existing form. Societal unrest in nations under restrictive theocratic reigns is far from new, but in Iran pressure is building even to the point where it is approaching regime change through popular uprising (Zahedi 224). However, Iran is far more than just a country with a regime that is resistant to democracy, as Iran is the only country in the Muslim Middle East with regular elections in the past thirty years (Mahdavi 142). Unfortunately, that does not negate the very real, existing problems as the ruling elite do of course resist expanding political and civil rights in favor of consolidating their own power (Abootalebi 43-4). The ruling elite are, as has happened in countless countries, slowly backing themselves into a corner. As recently as 2010, 80% of the Iranian economy was controlled by the state, with 70% of Iranians under 30 neither owning property nor being middle class (Zahedi). Societal unrest has a tendency to solidify itself with the youth in a country, and those that are no invest ed in a system that does not benefit them areShow MoreRelatedValues Of Solidarity And Tolerance Towards Immigration1404 Words   |  6 Pagesexplicarà ­an, al menos parcialmente, los estallidos de violencia contra los inmigrantes que han proliferado en los à ºltimos aà ±os (Can Anglada en Terrassa, El Ejido, etc.) y el goteo de agresiones a los magrebà ­es y subsaharianos. Estos incidentes suelen ir arropados (antes, durante o despuà ©s de acontecidos) por las declaraciones de carà ¡cter marcadamente xenà ³fobo de algunos polà ­ticos (...) (47). The economic prosperity of Spain between 1997 and 2007, together with a strong recession back homeRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy During The Cold War Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesThe overview of The U.S. Foreign Policy The objective of ‘the U.S. foreign policy’ course is to develop personal ability for applying IR theories to the U.S. foreign policy. Then, students will be able to understand the direction as well as the grounds of the U.S. foreign policy. To achieve this objective, I will discuss major the theoretical issues through the brief history of the U.S. foreign policy until the Cold War. After that, I will examine the challenges which the U.S. confronts. One ofRead MoreThe European Integration On Different Aspects And Levels Essay2044 Words   |  9 Pagesstarted within the political subfield of International Relations (Pollack, 2001). However, the European Union is a complex and unique international organization. Are International Relations (IR) theories able to account for the origin, development and future of European integration? We will argue in this essay that IR theories account for European integration on different aspects and levels. Although Realism offers an interesting interpretation for the genesis of integration, European Integration is betterRead MoreThe Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy: The Ronald Reagan Doctrine - Essay3303 Words   |  14 PagesReagan Doctrine By: Jennefer Paddock Professor Altman: POL300 March 4, 2012 The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy: The Ronald Reagan Doctrine President Ronald Reagan’s Doctrine was supposed to sponsor anti-communist guerillas who were trying to overthrow pro-Soviet regimes (Roskin 58). 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TheRead MorePolice Administration And Protecting The Community2796 Words   |  12 Pagespolice administration is used in protecting the community by keeping them safe against potential terrorist actions. It will go into depth about combating terrorism and responding to terrorism reporting. Combating terrorism programs such as SLATT, Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council (ATAC) training initiatives, and COPS grants will be examined. _____________________________________________________________________________ POLICE ADMINISTRATION AND PROTECTING THE COMMUNITY AGAINST ACTS OF TERRORISM IntroductionRead MoreHrm in Japan, Usa and Europe9900 Words   |  40 Pagesremove barriers to a more flexible labour market caused by strong trade unions and employment protection legislation that prevented employers from adjusting the size of their workforce. As a result, relaxation of employment protection legislation and anti-union legislation encouraged firms to introduce new labour practices and reorder collective bargaining practices. In addition, persistently high levels of unemployment gave employers more leverage in dealing with their workforce, the reason being thatRead MoreEssay on Should English Be the Official Language of the United States2657 Words   |  11 PagesState, 3600 ballots were printed in Chinese. This was the first time a language other than English was available on ballots. Of those, only 24 were returned in the election, a mere .006% (Cornwall, 2002). According to the New York Times, in 1994 the IRS translated 500,000 income tax forms into Spanish. Of t hose, only 718 were returned (I.R.S. Will Distribute Tax Forms in Spanish, 1994). In this case, it was a paltry .001%. 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Natural Law Theory Essay - 6453 Words

According to Jenkins, â€Å"The natural law theory begins with theories about the nature and purpose of the world and moves on to ask about the purpose of every action or object. The right thing to do is that which fulfils the natural purpose.† Natural law was developed by Thomas Aquinas, in which he believed that there is such a thing as natural moral law. Natural law ethics depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator, God. It teaches everything God made has a purpose, including every aspect of human life, and everything should work towards the purpose assigned to it. If we fulfil this purpose we do ‘good’, for example it is good to preserve life (â€Å"Do not kill†). If we frustrate the purpose for which something has been†¦show more content†¦Human nature is generally good and therefore if we do wrong it is because we are in pursuit of an apparent good, e.g. abortion, can seem like at a good thing at times. According to Vardy and Grosch, â€Å"Humans seek apparent good, but this is not true good; only apparent good because it does not conform to the perfection of human nature which all humans share.† A historical example would be that of Hitler and Stalin, who did not seek out evil but sought what they thought, was right. The theory of natural law states that you are only responsible for the immediate consequences of your actions – not for the secondary or unintended effects of your action. This adds flexibility to the theory of natural law in such areas as just war and etopic pregnancy. According to Thompson, â€Å"Natural law is based on nature as seen by human reason enlightened by Christian faith. In the light of Jesus’ teaching and belief in God, reason can decide, by looking at nature, what is right.† Natural law however has some faults. It depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator. Aquinas assumes that all men must seek to worship God, atheists not taken into consideration. According to Thompson, â€Å"...if someone does not believe in God, then the natural law theory loses its foundation.† The theory also suggests that reproduction is one of God’s natural purposes of creating humankind, not considering those who are biologicallyShow MoreRelated Natural Law Theory Essay661 Words   |  3 Pages Natural Law Theory The natural law theory is a theory that dates back to the time of the Greeks and great thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. Defined as the law which states that human are inborn with certain laws preordained into them which let them determine what is right and what is wrong.(Bainton 174) This theory was them adapted by religious philosophers to fit the Christian religion.(Berkhof 114) This, however was not exactly the same as the original. The classical thinkers were the firstRead MoreThe s Natural Law Theory1219 Words   |  5 Pages The Aquina’s Natural Law Theory has five primary precepts: Reproduction, Life (living to the supreme good), education in adult life, worshiping God, and law and order (Natural Law Theory, 2010). With this being one theory that Christians live by, I think these five precepts would be very easy to automatically disagree with some, if not all of these scientific advancements. Such as birth control and homosexuality, but with the changes in society s view, so does the natural law. The Stoics believedRead MoreExplain the Theory of Natural Law1808 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 2001 Explain the theory of Natural law (25 marks) The theory of natural law originates from Aristotle’s idea of goodness as fitness for purpose and stoic’s concept of a universal law of reason which is in agreement with nature. What we now call human nature. This point is then furthered by Aquinas who agrees with the argument but furthers it by linking it with his Christian belief by saying following this law is equivalent to following the command of God as human nature is in us inbuiltRead MoreExplain Natural Law Theory Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesExplain Natural Law theory In this essay, I will discuss the theories behind Natural Law, as well as the qualities it is seen to possess. I will explain Aquinas’ concepts and theory on Natural Law, discussing eudaimonia and the doctrine of the double effect. Finally, I will reflect on some of the positive and negative aspects, in summarising Natural Law theory. It is important to highlight that Natural Laws differ from acts which occur naturally. There are many aspects to Natural Law, the firstRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory Essay examples1037 Words   |  5 Pagesby the natural law theory is the only true and moral way to live life; especially a life lived in God’s image. God’s presence is a guiding factor to obtaining a moral and virtuous life, which can only be obtained by following the natural law theory. God created a set of laws as a supreme guide for humans to live life, like any law these laws were created to ensure wellbeing for everyone. The laws he created are the civil law, the natural law and the divine law God created them from a law much superiorRead MoreThomas Hobbes Theory Of Natural Law1794 Words   |  8 Pagesis whether laws and rules created in society are moral and fair and how these can vary between human beings and traditions. Therefore the whole notion of Natural Law governing society has been re ached from different conclusions, which in turn sees Thomas Hobbes’ social contract theory as opposing to St. Thomas Aquinas’ theory of natural law. Yet this does not change the fact that many Western democracies base their moral decision-making within Hobbes’ concept. (Kenney, 2005) The theory formulatedRead MoreNatural Law Theory, Positivism, And The Fugitive Slave Law2385 Words   |  10 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Philosophy allows people to study the nature of people’s beliefs which can differ over time. Not even the law is exempt from the opinions of philosophers. Seeing law in different ways allows people to come to different conclusions about legal cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history, which allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled north to free states. Once, jurorsRead MoreLegal Positivism Over Natural Law Theory982 Words   |  4 Pageslegal justification, legal positivists can still embrace the moral idea and not be in conflict with their generally held belief in the â€Å"strictly legal† concept of law. In Torben Spaak’s opinion, there is a reason to desire legal positivism; he explains this throu gh introducing the concept of jurisprudence. When discussing the nature of law, Spaak states, â€Å"that while the moral conception is what is likely favored on a smaller scale, the strictly legal conception is more appealing because it is broaderRead MoreExplain Finnis’ Natural Law Theory Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesExplain Finnis’ Natural Law Theory (30 marks) John Finnis, an Australian legal philosopher has tried to resurrect the natural law tradition in moral philosophy and law since the mid-1960s. He tries to offer a neo-Aquinian natural law philosophy which does not presuppose a divine being. By focusing attention on goods rather than a single Good, Finnis skilfully articulates what he calls a theory of moral action for our day. Or, in other words, he seeks a theory of how to live well. Finnis identifiesRead MoreLocke s Theory Of Equality And Natural Law2387 Words   |  10 PagesLocke’s theory of equality and natural law. What is equality? Equality is the state of being equal and the rights of status. Throughout the 1st and 2nd treatise of government Locke put emphasis on equality. Locke is a liberalist who believes that everyone should have equality in a governed society. The reason Locke feels that way is because in a society the people create the government. With the citizens doing this they give the government consent to g overn them by protecting them and their property

Essay on Celiac Disease - 1284 Words

Nature of the disease Celiac disease is a fairly common disease but is not very well known. Celiac disease, or celiac sprue, is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten (Hill, Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of celiac disease in children, 2011). Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and oats. People with celiac disease who eat foods containing gluten experience an immune reaction in their small intestines, causing damage to the inner surface of the small intestine and an inability to absorb certain nutrients (Hill, Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of celiac disease in children, 2011). The small intestine is responsible for absorbing food and nutrients. Thus, damage to the lining of†¦show more content†¦The symptoms adults experience are much the same as the children experience without the stunning of growth and affect on puberty. Some adults having a mild form of the disease exhibit almost no symptoms. Others may experience a loss or gain in appetite, abdominal pain, bloating, gas or indigestion. In addition, other people have bothersome symptoms including diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal discomfort, and excessive gas caused by vitamin and nutrient deficiencies (The Mayo Clinic staff, 2011). If a person is not absorbing nutrients adequately, a blood test will detect this lack of nutrient absorption resulting in the decreased of iron absorption. Also, this inability to absorb certain nutrients may cause vitamin deficiencies. These deficiencies deprive the brain, peripheral nervous system, bones, liver and other organs of vital nourishment (Dugdale III, Longstreth, Zieve, 2010). Causes The exact cause of celiac disease is not known, but scientists have found that it is genetic, meaning that if someone in your family has celiac then you have a high percent chance of having it too (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). Even though there is no known cause of this disease, scientists do know that in a person without celiac theShow MoreRelatedCeliac Disease955 Words   |  4 PagesCeliac disease: an often missed diagnosis Commonly referred to as wheat allergy, celiac disease is not an allergic disorder; rather it is actually intolerance to gluten, a protein in wheat. It is also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue and gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Celiac disease occurs in people who have a genetic susceptibility. It was considered a north European disease initially but now it has a high prevalence in all the continents. In north- India it affects 1 in 200-300 individualsRead MoreCeliac Disease8765 Words   |  36 Pages50 Celiac Disease Dascha C. Weir, MD Ciaran Kelly, MD Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy secondary to permanent sensitivity to wheat gluten and related proteins in rye and barley. It results in characteristic histologic changes consisting of inï ¬â€šammation, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy of the small intestine in genetically susceptible individuals. Signiï ¬ cant variability in the clinical presentation of CD in the pediatric population complicates recognition ofRead MoreCeliac Disease : A Disease2422 Words   |  10 Pages Celiac disease, which is also called coeliac disease, is a genetic autoimmune disease that injures the small intestine. Gluten is a protein that is in some wheat, barley, and rye. It is also a new fad diet and being gluten intolerant is something a majority of the population may claim. However, for those who really have celiac disease it is more serious. In fact, Despite popular belief, celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disease, not the latest fad diet, according to the organizationRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Celiac Disease2023 Words   |  9 Pages Celiac disease is a T-cell-mediated, autoimmune, genetic illness that targets the small intestine in which the absorption of nutrients, particularly fats, is impaired. The disease has been described as â€Å"a permanent intolerance to ingested gluten that damages the small intestine, characteristically inducing crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy, and typically resolves with removal of gluten from the diet.† (AJN 34). Celiac disease appears to be more prevalent in women than in men. Genetic and immuneRead MoreSummary Of Shackled By Celiac Disease Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesShackled by Celiac Disease As a tear slips down her cheek, five-year-old Addi continues with her hair-raising screams. For two nights now, she has had miserable abdominal pain. Clueless as to why, her helpless mother tries to soothe her frazzled daughter. Switching her diet, checking her stool, watching her closely, mom finds nothing out of the ordinary. So the question remains, what is wrong? Why these sudden sleepless nights? After reading a medical website or paper, you miraculously come to theRead MoreDiagnostic Study On Celiac Disease836 Words   |  4 Pagescomplement the clinical history and physical examination in the patients with gastrointestinal diseases. -Gastrointestinal diseases:  Though iron is absorbed throughout the intestine, it is maximally absorbed in the duodenum. Diseases involving the duodenum – Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease and giardiasis, thereby are important etiologies. Increased gastrointestinal loss as seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cow’s milk protein induced colitis and chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoryRead MoreTaking a Look at Celiac Disease752 Words   |  3 PagesDigestive diseases range from the occasional upset stomach to the more life-threatening cancers and infections within the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. Most digestive diseases are prevalent in the elderly. Intestinal infections such as gastroenteritis and appendicitis are higher in among infants and children. Other diseases like hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic liver disease, occur more commonly among teenagers and middle-aged adults. The celiac disease is a digestiveRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Celiac Disease1068 Words   |  5 Pages Celiac disease (CD) is defined as a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by small intestine mucosal damage in response to the ingestion of dietary gluten (proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye) in genetically predisposed individuals that improves with strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (Kelly, et al., 2015; Woodward, 2016; Meyer Rosenblum, 2016; Isaac, et al. 2016; Hill, 2016). Ludvigsson, et al. (2013) explain that while the symptoms of celiac disease have been described in medicalRead MoreCeliac Disease : An Autoimmune Disorder1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder which is triggered by consumption of a dietary protein called gluten. Celiac disease causes the immune system to react abnormally to gluten. This immune response can lead to damage of the small intestines therefore causing malabsorption of vital nutrients. Gluten is found in wheat, rye, barley and triticale (a cross between wheat and rye). Celiac disease is also referred to as celiac sprue, gluten-sensitivity and non-tropical sprue. Gluten isRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Celiac Disease1701 Words   |  7 PagesCountless plagues, disorders, and diseases have cut many human lives short over the 160 thousand years since Homo sapiens evolved from their ancestors. Since then, human’s increasing knowledge of medical science has allowed for them to thrive for much longer than their primitive predecessors. These conditions have evolved in a costimulatory way with all species throughout life’s evolution, and although some of these s ituations are beneficial (symbiotic) many diseases benefit only one organism at the

The Day After 911 Changes of the United States - 963 Words

â€Å"The Day after 911: Changes of the United States† The Middle East is one of the birthplaces of human kind’s civilization. Since the Ancient Egypt, Sumer, the Arab Empire, Turkey Empire, or even to present day, the Middle East has always been a valuable strategic point for not only because of its geographic location but also it full of petroleum and nature gas. According the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) that 66% of the global oil reserves are in the Middle East and only 6% in North America, this makes a lot of powerful countries want to share a pieces of the Middle East, Stephen mentions â€Å"Much of the world s oil wealth exists along the Persian Gulf, with particularly large reserves in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait†¦show more content†¦Therefore I can say: After 911, United States had a different perception of the threat to civilization, and this indeed, resulting threat to American civilization. National interests are usually the ma in consideration for the U.S. foreign policy, which can divide into two different parts. First, to protect and prevent American people from any kind of attack, which is the most important and commonly agreed unanimously. Second, helping and maintaining the operation of the U.S. government. To ensure that the interests of national development are not being compromised, Untied States have more aggressively policy to protect its national interests. Some people believe the â€Å"the U.S. will use unrivaled military power to further the global counterterrorism movement and democracy as the core goal of foreign policy. Furthermore, the U.S. hopes that all countries and societies can choose the most advantageous political and economic system to themselves independently, to help those countries which have been used as safe haven by terrorism organizations to get rid of the chaos caused by war and poverty.† Work Cited Baker, Peter and Linzer, Dafina. â€Å"U.S. policy on ‘Axis of Evil’ Suffer Spate of Setback.† The Washington Post, Aug. 17, 2005, p.A01 Huntington, Sameul. The Clash of Civilizations. The Aims of Argument: A Text and Reader. 5th ed. Eds. Timothy Crusius and Carolyn Channell. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005.Show MoreRelatedThe Events Of The War On Terror1024 Words   |  5 Pagesmost vital will be cultural historical viewpoint because it change Americas culture and how the viewed the world in a major way. The next but less prominent is top-down because in this research paper I will be talking about how the people in charge reacted to the events that unfolded in 911 how their decisions shaped the world that is today. These will be the historical viewpoints that will be shown in my research paper. The events of 911 changed America culturally in multiple ways. It also broughtRead MoreThe Bombing Of The United States1058 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced that day with the site of the twin towers being brought down. Because of the hijacked planes, it destroyed many lives as well as the families that lost someone in that tragedy. The United States has changed since September 11th, 2001 because after new changes in airport security was made, deportation rose, and immigration decreased. The United States has changed since September 11th, 2001 because after the incident, new changes in airport security were made. The changes in security wasRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1365 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 11, 2001 or one may say the â€Å"911 â€Å"attack happened on that day. Al Qaeda killed nearly over 3,000 people. The victims were innocent men, women, children, and also people from all different ethnic backgrounds. Who are we, the community to blame responsible for these terrorist attacks? Throughout the years passing by 911 had important factors of change socially, economically and personally. What is terrorism? Not only U.S faces terrorism attacks. Most governments all over the world haveRead MoreU.s. Security Since 9111368 Words   |  6 Pages Changes in U.S. Security Since 911 By Travis Bublitz LA 11 Quarter 3 online May 2015 Then They Were Gone. The twin towers turn into a pile of ash and rubble after two planes disintegrate in the center of both towers. People were running every were to get to out of the ash and smoke fire fighters running in while everyone is running out many not making it back out. From this day on nothing has been the same the people were devastated that it happened and cried out forRead MoreEnduring Physical and Mental Abuse in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs1253 Words   |  6 Pagesabuse from her master and witnessed firsthand how slaves were treated based on the color of their skin. Years of abuse can only be taken for so long, like many other southern slaves in the 1800s Harriet escaped to the North in hopes for a better life. After hiding in an attic for several years, Harriet made it to the North and assisted in the abolition of slavery. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl unmasked the brutality of how black slaves were treated, and branded less in ferior than whites. AlthoughRead MoreThe September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on America: The Division of Nations and Views1672 Words   |  7 PagesCenter on February 26, 1993. After that, there were attacks that killed a total of 53 Americans. The FBI also reported that in 1998, Osama bin Laden declared a holy war against the United States. In that same year, he was quoted saying, â€Å"kill Americans wherever they are found† (Fox News). After these threats, there weren’t very many decisions made about how to protect the U.S. There were debates, but no huge change to national security. No huge changes came until after the attacks had occurred. SeptemberRead MoreImportants Events of the First Decade of 2000s1508 Words   |  7 PagesBarack Obama and the introduction of Twitter are just a few examples of what americans have experienced during these unforgettable ten years. September 11, 2001 is a day that no American will ever forget, a day that left a huge impact on the lives of many Americans, a day that has changed America and the world forever. On this day, known as 9/11, America had suffered its first attack on native soil since the Japanese’s bombing of Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 (American Decades, 223). The morningRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Domestic Violence1380 Words   |  6 Pagesabuse, emotional abuse, or psychological abuse, and can affect not only the victim, but anyone that he or she may come in contact with. In today’s society, it is very common to find domestic abuse in households, but not much is being done to stop it. After researching the various causes of domestic violence, one can conclude that there are many reasons that may have triggered the abuser’s sudden need to have the upper hand. 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Advantages of Communication in Today’s Life Free Essays

Ted Childs, IBM’s vice president of global workforce diversity, knows from years of experience that communicating successfully across cultures is no simple task, however—particularly in a company that employs more than 325,000 people and sells to customers in roughly 175 countries around the world. Language alone presents a formidable barrier to communication when you consider that IBM’s workforce speaks more than 165 languages, but language is just one of many elements that play a role in communication between cultures. Differences in age, ethnic background, gender, sexual orientation, physical ability, and economic status can all affect the communication process. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages of Communication in Today’s Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Childs recognizes that these differences represent both a challenge and an oopportunity, and a key part of his job is helping IBM executives and employees work together in a way that transforms their cultural differences into a critical business strength. As he Ted Childs oversees IBM’s efforts to build competitive advantage by capitalizing on the benefits of a diverse workforce. 64 WORLD IBM’s experience (profiled in the chapter-opening Communication Close-Up) illustrates both the challenges and the opportunities for business professionals who know how to communicate with diverse audiences. Although the concept is often framed in terms of ethnic background, a broader and more useful definition of diversity â€Å"includes all the characteristics and experiences that define each of us as individuals. †2 As you’ll learn in this chapter, these characteristics and experiences can have a profound effect on the way businesspeople communicate. To a large degree, these effects on communication are the result of fundamental differences between cultures. Intercultural communication is the process of sending and receiving messages between people whose cultural background could lead them to interpret verbal and nonverbal signs differently. Every attempt to send and receive messages is influenced by culture, so to communicate successfully, you’ll need a basic grasp of the cultural differences you may encounter and how you should handle them. Your efforts to recognize and surmount cultural differences will open up business opportunities tthroughout the world and maximize the contribution of all the employees in a diverse workforce. The Opportunities in a Global Marketplace You will communicate with people from other cultures tthroughout your career. You might be a business manager looking for new customers or new sources of labor. Or you might be an employee looking for new work opportunities. Either way, chances are good that you’ll be looking across international borders sometime in your career. Thousands of U. S. businesses depend on exports for significant portions of their revenues. Every year, these companies export roughly $700 billion in materials and merchandise, along with billions more in personal and professional services. If you work in one of these companies, you may well be called on to visit or at least communicate with a wide vvariety of people who speak languages other than English and who live in cultures quite different from what you’re used to (see Figure 3. 1). Of the top ten export markets for U. S. products, only three (Canada, Great Britain, and Singapore) speak English as an official language, and two of those three (Canada and Singapore) have more than one official language. 3 In the global marketplace, most natural boundaries and national borders are no longer the impassable barriers they once were. Domestic markets are opening to worldwide competition as businesses of all sizes look for new growth opportunities outside their own countries. For example, automotive giant Ford markets to customers in some 130 countries, providing websites that offer local information, usually in the local language. 4 The diversity of today’s workforce brings distinct advantages to businesses: †¢ A broader range of views and ideas †¢ A better understanding of diverse, fragmented markets †¢ A broader pool of talent from which to recruit The Advantages of a Diverse Workforce Even if you never visit another country or transact business on a global scale, you will interact with colleagues from a vvariety of cultures with a wide range of characteristics and life experiences. Over the past few decades, many innovative companies have changed the way they approach diversity, from seeing it as a legal requirement to provide equal opportunities to seeing it as a strategic oopportunity to connect with customers and take advantage of the broadest possible pool of talent. 5 Smart business leaders such as IBM’s Ted CHAPTER 3 Communicating in a World of Diversity 65 FIGURE 3. 1 Languages of the World This map illustrates the incredible array of languages used around the world. Each dot represents the geographic center of the more than 6,900 languages tracked by the linguistic research firm SIL International. Even if all of your business communication takes place in English, you will interact with audiences who speak a vvariety of other native languages. Childs recognize the competitive advantages of a diverse workforce that offers a broader spectrum of viewpoints and ideas, helps companies understand and identify with diverse markets, and enables companies to benefit from a wider range of employee talents. As Renee Wingo of Virgin Mobile USA, a cell phone operator based in Warren, New Jersey, puts it, â€Å"You’re not going to create any magic as a manager unless you bring together people with diverse perspectives who aren’t miniversions of you. †6 Diversity is simply a fact of life for all companies. The United States has been a nation of immigrants from the beginning, and that trend continues today. The Western and Northern Europearns who made up the bulk of immigrants during the nation’s early years now share space with people from across Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and other parts of the world. By 2010 recent immigrants will account for half of all new U. S. workers. 7 Even the term minority, as it applies to nonwhite residents, makes less and less sense every year: In two states (California and New Mexico) and several dozen large Communication among people of diverse cultural backgrounds cities, Caucasian Americans no longer constitute a clear ma- and life experiences is not always easy, but doing it successfully jority. 8 Nor is this pattern of immigration unique to the United can create tremendous strategic advantages. States: Workers from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East are moving to Europe in search of new opportunities, while workers from India, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia contribute to the employment base of the Middle East. 9 However, you and your colleagues don’t need to be recent immigrants to constitute a diverse workforce. Differences in everything from age and gender to religion and ethnic heritage to geography and military experience enrich the workplace. Both immigration and workforce diversity create advantages—and challenges—for business communicators tthroughout the world. 6 PART 1 Understanding the Foundations of Business Communication The Challenges of Intercultural Communication A company’s cultural diversity affects how its business messages are conceived, composed, delivered, received, and interpreted. Culture influences everything about communication, including †¢ Language †¢ Nonverbal signals †¢ Word meaning †¢ Time and space issues †¢ Rules of human relationships Diversity affects how business messages are conceived, planned, sent, received, and interpreted in the workplace. Today’s increasingly diverse workforce encompasses a wide range of skills, traditions, backgrounds, experiences, outlooks, and attitudes toward work—all of which can affect employee behavior on the job. Supervisors face the challenge of communicating with these diverse employees, motivating them, and fostering cooperation and harmony among them. Teams face the challenge of working together closely, and companies are challenged to coexist peacefully with business partners and with the community as a whole. The interaction of culture and communication is so pervasive that separating the two is virtually impossible. The way you communicate—from the language you speak and the nonverbal signals you send to the way you perceive other people—is influenced by the culture in which you were raised. The meaning of words, the significance of gestures, the importance of time and space, the rules of human relationships—these and many other aspects of communication are defined by culture. To a large degree, your culture influences the way you think, which naturally affects the way you communicate as both a sender and a receiver. 0 So you can see how intercultural communication is much more complicated than simply matching language between sender and receiver. It goes beyond mere words to beliefs, values, and emotions. Tthroughout this chapter, you’ll see numerous examples of how communication styles and habits vary from one culture to another. These examples are intended to illustrate the major themes of intercultural communication, not to give an exhaustive list of styles and ha bits of any particular culture. How to cite Advantages of Communication in Today’s Life, Papers

Role And Requirement Of Employees Training †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Role And Requirement Of Employees Training. Answer: Introduction Modern organizations are finding new methods to improve the efficiency and productivity of their employees. Human resource management of corporations is requiring formulating policies regarding the enhancement of employees productivity. One of such policies includes providing organizational training to workers to improve their development. In recent times, most of the companies implement a corporate social responsibility strategy which requires them to consider the development of their employees. Providing organizational training can be beneficial for corporations because it assists in improving workers productivity and helps in the expansion of the corporation. This essay will focus analyzing the role and requirement of employees training in an organization. Further, the drawbacks of organization training will be discussed in the essay. The theories given by market experts regarding the importance of organizational training will be evaluated in the essay. Importance of Organizational Training In old days, competition in any industry awas at a very low level, because there was very limited number of suppliers and the demand for products and services, was not much. But due to globalization, the level of competition among various corporations is constantly increasing and they want to enhance their business overseas. As per McCracken, Brown OKane (2012), this is essential for their long-term growth, it also assists them in sustaining their vision and mission. In order to improve the overall performance of organization top-level management of a corporation assign a significant task to human resource department. This job is related to providing various kinds of training to the employees of an enterprise as they are considered as one of the most important resources which are available to a country. A satisfied, motivated and highly trained employee can give the surprising result to the company. Management of an enterprise needs to understand that training needs of every worker are different. So they have to analyze their weakness and provide the necessary training according to their future job that company is going to give them in upcoming time (Olaniyan Ojo 2008). There are different methods of organizational training that human resource management can implement in the organizations to provide training to employees such as on the job, off the job, lectures, group discussions and management games. Sahinidis Bouris (2008) provided that some employees prefer on the job training because they do not believe in theoretical knowledge and classroom lectures. They prefer on the job training because it helps them in understanding the work in short period of time and in an effective manner. Management of a company should provide off the job training to their employees because it expands their knowledge and provides the basic understanding of the task which employees will be doing in forthcoming time. An origination should not focus on one or two departments; they must try to find the training needs of every employee who are working in various departments. This is essential for overall development of a company; if they synchronize their efforts and provi de necessary training to all divisions of enterprise then they can assure optimum utilization of available resources and attaining their long-term goals in an effective manner (Giangreco, Carugati Sebastiano 2010). Corporations can achieve various benefits by implementing an organizational training strategy. As per Grossman Salas (2011), one of the primary advantages of organizational training includes improved productivity of employees. The completion between corporations is significantly high which require companies to increase their efficiency. The quality of employees work to influence the growth of a corporation, therefore, the human resource department is required to hire skillful workers. The human resource department can improve the working quality of workers by providing them training. Trained employees have better productivity than compared to the employees without training. The organization can establish a lock-in period for the employees which they provide training, due to such lock-in period, the turnover rate of employees can be reduced by the company. The recruitment and selection procedure of a corporation can be improved by an effective organizational training strategy because candidates prefer an organization which provides training on the job (King Grace 2008). Another benefit of organizational training is better profitability in the companys operation. The corporations face many difficulties while converting their additional sales into profits. Zheng Lamond (2010), the human resource department of the organization can implement training strategies to avoid the profitability issues. Trained employees assist enterprises in improving the profitability of the operation. In modern times, the competition between organizations forces them to constantly update their policies regarding the better working environment. It is a vital part of an enterprise is to train its employees as it will allow them to increase their growth potential and develop their organizational capabilities. This is why effective training of the employees in the organization is required and employees training programmers should be effectively implemented by the enterprise within its departments. Apart from helping the corporation to achieve its organizational goals, it will a lso help the employees to develop within themselves, which is a crucial part of the corporate social responsibility strategy of the company (Giangreco, Sebastiano Peccei 2009). Apart from various benefits of organizational training, there are several drawbacks of implementing this strategy within the company. Armstrong-Stassen (2008) provided that one of the primary disadvantages of implementing the training program is related to the high amount spent by the company. The training programs have to be implemented in every department, it is highly costly to implement on account of the company. The equipment required during the training of the employees is generally very expensive, which adds to the overall expenditure of the company without making any profit for the enterprise. As long as the allocation of the resources of the enterprise is concerned, training the employees is very time-consuming. While the training programme is undertaken, both the experienced employees who provide training and the new employees who require training doesnt work until the training program are finished. This doesnt enable the organization to make any real profit for the time be ing (Owoyemi et al. 2011). According to Elnaga Imran (2013), for the employees, the training program can be significantly exhausting and stressful. Some of the employees lose interest in the training as they feel exhausted by the work and the training. The impact of training did not improve the productivity of workers if they lose interest in their job, which defeats the purpose of training. In this modern era, technology is constantly changing especially in industries like software, automobile, and information technology due to which the technology on which an enterprise is running becomes obsolete as soon as a new technological advancement occurs in the market. Therefore, the training provided by the company to the employees becomes useless in just a short period of time and they have to come up with a new training strategy to train their employees to learn about the new technology (Ashar et al. 2013). Besides having so many limitations, organizational training is an essential strategy in attaining long-term goals of an enterprise. Tabasssi, Ramli Bakar (2012) provided that one can easily find a shortcoming in any process but they need to find the solution of various problems in order to improve the efficiency of workers and overall performance of a corporation. In this changing business environment, the working culture is changing in regular interval of time, so the need of chaining is also enhancing with increasing complexity in business. It is the responsibility of human resource department to identify the need for training and then make appropriate strategy according to working culture of a company. Increasing cost can be a trouble for a corporation at the initial stage but its long-term impact always comes in favor of the enterprise. Sometimes employees may resist training but management should convince them by telling them various kinds of career opportunities which workers may get in forthcoming time (Casalino, DAtri Braccini 2012). Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that the competition between organizations has grown rapidly in past few decades. For improving efficiency and enhancing development, corporations can provide training to their employees. Trained employees can assist corporations in enhancing their growth and sustain their development. There are numerous benefits of organizational training such as improvement of productivity; positive work environment; satisfied employees and it also assists human resource management in recruitment and retention process. The drawbacks of providing training include wastage of time and money, uninterested workforce and wastage of resources. The human resource department can analyze the culture and requirement of the corporation to implement an effective training strategy which can augment the growth of the company. References Armstrong?Stassen, M. (2008). Organisational practices and the post?retirement employment experience of older workers.Human Resource Management Journal,18(1), 36-53. Casalino, N., DAtri, A., Braccini, A. M. (2012). A quality management training system concerning ISO standards for sustainable organisational change in SMEs.International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,9(1), 25-45. Elnaga, A., Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,5(4), 137-147. Giangreco, A., Carugati, A., Sebastiano, A. (2010). Are we doing the right thing? Food for thought on training evaluation and its context.Personnel Review,39(2), 162-177. Giangreco, A., Sebastiano, A., Peccei, R. (2009). Trainees' reactions to training: an analysis of the factors affecting overall satisfaction with training.The international journal of human resource management,20(1), 96-111. Grossman, R., Salas, E. (2011). The transfer of training: what really matters.International Journal of Training and Development,15(2), 103-120. King, C., Grace, D. (2008). Internal branding: Exploring the employee's perspective.Journal of Brand Management,15(5), 358-372. McCracken, M., Brown, T. C., O'Kane, P. (2012). Swimming against the current: Understanding how a positive organisational training climate can enhance training participation and transfer in the public sector.International Journal of Public Sector Management,25(4), 301-316. Olaniyan, D. A., Ojo, L. B. (2008). Staff training and development: a vital tool for organisational effectiveness.European Journal of Scientific Research,24(3), 326-331. Owoyemi, O. A., Oyelere, M., Elegbede, T., Gbajumo-Sheriff, M. (2011). Enhancing employees commitment to organisation through training.International Journal of Business and Management,6(7), 280. Sahinidis, A. G., Bouris, J. (2008). Employee perceived training effectiveness relationship to employee attitudes.Journal of European Industrial Training,32(1), 63-76. Tabassi, A. A., Ramli, M., Bakar, A. H. A. (2012). Effects of training and motivation practices on teamwork improvement and task efficiency: The case of construction firms.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), 213-224. Zheng, C., Lamond, D. (2010). Organisational determinants of employee turnover for multinational companies in Asia.Asia Pacific journal of management,27(3), 423-443. Ashar, M., Ghafoor, M., Munir, E., Hafeez, S. (2013). The impact of perceptions of training on employee commitment and turnover intention: Evidence from Pakistan.International journal of human resource studies,3(1), 74.

Marketing Strategy Place of Company Nikon free essay sample

Advertising is key to successful implementation of the strategic plan. The more often employees hear about the plan, its elements, and ways to measure its success, the greater the possibility that they will undertake it as part of their daily work lives. It is especially important that employees are aware of the measurement systems and that significant achievements be rewarded and celebrated. This positive reinforcement increases support of the plan and belief in its possibilities. Without buy-in from the head of a company, it is unlikely that other members will be supportive in the planning and eventual implementation process, thereby dooming the plan before it ever takes shape. Commitment and support of the strategic-planning initiative must spread from the president and/or CEO all the way down through the ranks to the line worker on the factory floor. Just as importantly, the strategic-planning team should be composed of top-level managers who are capable of representing the interests, concerns, and opinions of all members of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy Place of Company Nikon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well, organizational theory dictates that there should be no more than twelve members of the team. This allows group dynamics to function at their optimal level. The components of the strategic-planning process read much like a laundry list, with one exception: each piece of the process must be kept in its sequential order since each part builds upon the previous one. This is where the similarity to a flow chart is most evident, as can be seen in the following illustration. The only exceptions to this are environmental scanning and continuous implementation, which are continuous processes throughout. This article will now focus on the discussion of each component of the formulation process: environmental scanning, continuous implementation, values assessment, vision and mission formulation, strategy design, performance audit analysis, gap analysis, action-plan development, contingency planning, and final implementation. After that, this article will discuss a Japanese variation to Strategy Formulation, Hoshin Planning, which has become very popular.

Sample of Essay Opening Paragraph

Sample of Essay Opening ParagraphAn essay that contains a sample of the essay opening paragraph has a dual purpose. First, it allows the reader to immediately recognize that you are providing them with what is known as a 'sample.' Second, it provides a reference point to help move the story forward.If your essay begins with a sample of essay opening paragraph, then the reader is aware that you are writing about them. They know exactly what you are going to say and how it is going to go about doing so. They also know what questions you are going to ask and what information you are going to present in this section. As the reader moves through your essay, you want them to not only be able to understand and identify the information they are reading but also to feel like they are getting a good understanding of the material you are providing them with.By setting the scene in this way, you also help to provide yourself with more power and confidence by filling in the blanks that come from your own knowledge and experience. The idea is to keep them on track with a goal that you are trying to accomplish.An example of a sample of essay opening paragraph used to lead into a speech or a dissertation is: 'Some years ago, I went to Peru as a volunteer on a nature study team. As we toured around the countryside, we were out and about in the back country and I noticed an unusual cluster of homes. The area was very remote and even though it looked more like a forest than a city, it was still very much urbanized. We stopped at a home where the people lived and after we left they invited us inside for tea.After all was said and done, a woman came up to me and told me her name was Louise and that she had lived there for many years. She told me that she had lived under a small tree on a very cold day and had managed to get two little puppies out.This woman shared with me a beautiful story of her adventures and when I asked her if she wanted to tell the rest of the story, she jumpe d at the chance. She told me that during the last two weeks she had been traveling the streets of Lima, and she had run across many strange people and she didn't know what to make of them. I remembered her story so well because in my travels I had run into the same sort of situation before and in both cases the people turned out to be very kind and grateful for our help. I decided to send a few of my friends to visit her in Lima and we had a great time together.She told me that one of the people she ran into that first week had met her friend who took me to see her and this man had been very excited to meet her and to have me in his home. He seemed to realize what an interesting companion he was about to become, and he expressed this thought to me and I am sure he understood that our meeting would not be as simple as it seemed. He asked me if I would be interested in living with him and if I had any questions he wanted to ask me. I can't explain to you how important this fact made i n my decision because my friend said that if I stayed in Lima it would probably be difficult for me to get back to Toronto because we would spend so much time together.

Shylocks First Scene Essays - Orientalism, The Merchant Of Venice

Shylock's First Scene Shylocks First Scene Shylocks first scene in The Merchant of Venice is important because it sets the tone for the audiences view of him throughout the play. I have never seen the play performed, but it has been my experience that an audience will form an opinion of a character upon first seeing them. There are many different ways of portraying Shylock in his first scene. I will be focussing on portraying Shylock as a villain. I understand that his role is villainous, but various actors and directors have actually portrayed him differently. I like to think of my way, as the way Shakespeare himself would have done it. During a production of Merchant the audience will see Shylock before they hear him, so I will start with his appearance. Shylock first appears in Act 1, Scene 3. He needs to be an old man stricken in years, but only in the face. It should be a little wrinkled, and his hair ought to be gray. It is important that in his first scene Shylock stands up straight and appears strong and confident. Shylock shall lose this confidence and posture by the end of my production, but for this scene he must be on the verge of arrogance. He should be outfitted in a Jewish garbadine, a garment of rich material but a dull shade and it must fit him well. This will give the appearance that he is rich, but not trying to brag about it. It is important to note here that Bassanio must appear in mild dress. He should not depict a commoner, but at the same time not be wearing anything flashy, this will add to the grandeur of Shylocks clothing. I would also have Shylock and Bassanio walk about the rear of the st age and appear to be speaking to each other. That way the audience will be able to begin forming their opinion before hearing Shylock speak. As the pair comes forward on the stage, the audience will then be able to hear what it is they are talking about. Shylocks first line is as equally important as his appearance is. Three thousand ducats, well? (The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, ed. Bevington, 1.3.1) should be said in a manner that portrays a love of money. The audience must believe that Shylock is greedy from the very beginning. If they believe he is greedy, and after they hear the conditions of the loan, then they will anticipate an ending of their own. If the audience is trying to follow a mystery throughout the play it will be more enjoyable for them. If there is no mystery in the play, an audiences mind can wander. As Shylock goes on in the scene there is one word that emanates throughout his lines, and that is ducats. The mentioning of the ducats must be made in a lingering, caressing tone that also puts across Shylocks love of money. Shylocks actions during his conversation with Bassanio should also imply greed. He may put his hand over his billfold area while questioning the amount or rub his thumb and forefingers as if he was sorting money. His first line will also note the sum to the audience with a hint of inquiry. The second line, For three months, well? should determine a negative answer is forthcoming, but leave Bassanio to keep enticing him. The third line for Shylock, Antonio shall become bound, well should be performed in a manner that the audience will come away thinking there is something between Antonio and Shylock. The actor portraying Shylock should emit a momentary flash of hate by using piercing eyes or a contraction of muscles. Immediately following this flash the actor must resume total self-control. This will make the audience definite that Shylock is to be a main character and interesting events have preceded and will follow. With the opening of Act 1, Scene 3 portrayed this way, the audience will be filled with anticipation throughout the play. They will wonder what twists and turns Shylocks greed and hatred will bring, and how it will affect their other favorite characters. English Essays

Is Sports Cmpetition Relevant to Academic Learning

Is Sports Cmpetition Relevant to Academic Learning Read whether sports competition is relevant to academic learning. Learning Theories and Relevance of Competitive Sport Learning theories have significant implications in the way academic  institutions facilitate learning. For instance, learning through reward and punishment  is Behaviorist learning practices while learning through input and memorization of educational materials is a Cognitive-learning concept. Similarly, the term â€Å"student-centered† learning is a Constructivist idea that people learn better when they â€Å"construct† own knowledge and meaning. However, since the aim of applying these learning theories in a school setting is to enhance knowledge of curriculum, they do not support the kind of knowledge acquired through sports competition similar to the volleyball match where athletes with #PusoAteneo won. Social Learning Theory is for learning social skills and therefore not academically relevant. Some literature argues that it is relevant to physical education, as such academic subject contributes to socially and morally educated citizens. The problem, however, is the fact that physical education is never for students’ social or moral development, but for learning health-related activities. Moreover, social skills and moral values allegedly developed from physical education are results rather than a facilitator of academic learning. You may be interested in: Practice What You Preach Is High IQ a Guarantee of Academic Success? Contrary to common belief, sport is not synonymous with physical education. Sports are physical activities in which adults and young people compete while physical education is a learning process prescribed by the curriculum. Although the subject often includes sports, there is no inherent necessity for physical education to foster and promote competitive behavior. Sport, therefore, is never an academic subject while competitive behavior is exclusive to sport. Overall, competition is not an objective in physical education and irrelevant to academic learning. The question is why schools are so eager about competition and spending significant time and money on their respective sports teams. The True Benefit of Sport Competition The study shows that participation in sport is mostly an individual decision while school-sponsored sports competition is an after-school activity. The common objective is to facilitate the skills and knowledge necessary to support a healthy and productive lifestyle. Interscholastic sport or â€Å"varsity sport† is the system of competition between schools, but remains an extracurricular activity in terms of funding. Collegiate sports or sports competition between colleges and universities, on the other hand, are governed by private national organizations. The academic institutions, however, provide the funding and give a full scholarship to their athletes. Successful athletes in return generate a large amount of revenue for their school. The learning benefit of sports competition appears limited to elementary and school. Sport in higher education seems more of a business strategy than a learning experience. In fact, collegiate sports in North America according to author Maylon Hanold are â€Å"solidly a business† within academic institutions. Most successful teams and athletes received money from corporate sponsors and therefore always determined to win regardless of injury or being involved in cheating. The #PusoAteneo or â€Å"Heart of Ateneo† University is, therefore, referring to college athletes’ competitive spirit or the â€Å"heart of champion† that has nothing to do with physical education and academic learning.

Environmental issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental issues - Essay Example There are many underlying causes for the raise in the chemical wastes which has led to the search for methods to dispose this waste. The population around the globe has increased at alarming levels and with increased number of people; the amount of the production of chemical wastes has also increased. Another vital reason for this increase in the chemical wastes is the movement of the people to urban localities and with increased urbanization there has been increased waste production. The industries across the globe have also increased and with greater production in the industries, greater amount of waste is generated. New technologies have led to the production of even more toxic substances. This includes nuclear power which leads to the production of toxic waste products and their disposal leads to the production of hazardous substances for the environment. Chemical wastes are also generated from coal mines as well as hospitals and research organizations (Geophysics Research Forum 1984; Murray et al 1982). There have been many proposed solutions to the subject of chemical waste. A very good method was presented by the Geophysics Study Committee which was deep burial.

A Comparison between Charles Taylor and Will Kymlickas views on Essay

A Comparison between Charles Taylor and Will Kymlickas views on Multiculturalism with Minority Rights - Essay Example However, the implementation of equality and sharing of beliefs is the only way that discriminatory issues can be avoided and minority rights upheld, according to Taylor's philosophy. I personally tend to favor Taylor's point of view since it appears to have the most solidity in the view's being given. Of course he makes quite a few other interesting points in his writing, from my personal interpretation of it. Multiculturalism has a strong purpose in politics as when there are other nationalities living in a country they want to be able to feel they are a part of it (Taylor 1994). The only way this is possible is if they have awareness that they are included in the many political debates of the many topics concerning the country's needs or desire's for the people.Furthermore, Taylor shows the notion of multiculturalism gives identity to people as it defines them as human beings. If the politics of a nation where only centered around the natural origin of those living in a country, su ch as Americans in the United States, then there would be no sense of a multiculturalist identity for those who were of a foreign body that also dwelled in America as well. Therefore Taylor points out that it is crucial to acknowledge all people who reside in a country and that developing a political identity with the concept of multiculturalism is the way to go about creating equality and a sense of individuality for all of the various ethnic cultures within the body of a nation. A political body can not simply step up to a podium and refer to all people as Americans or Europeans and expect there to be unity in that nation. This is one of the strongest views of Taylor and this author feels it has a good relevance to the effect political bodies have on the citizens of a nation. If there is a lack of inclusion of one type of nationality there is going to be discord and inequality but if there is an inclusion of the whole concept of multiculturalism then it will make a nation stronger and the citizens of the communities will be united, or so it would appear. Also, Taylor also emphasizes the fact that recognition of different cultures is extremely important to provide equality in a nation. However, there can be various dilemmas with what people know about others and therefore the idea of misrecognition of a culturally diverse group can create just as many problems as actually not identifying their presence can create. For example people in a country often make assumptions about foreigners who live there. Before the facts are gathered false interpretations develop such as with Latino's, many people in America often identify all Latino's as being from Mexico and speaking the same form of language but this is the wrong impression. Latino's span out across many regions and they all do not look alike or speak alike therefore this is a simple example that can be given following Taylor's points of misrecognition of a culture between ethnicities. In fact Taylor states that the wrong idea can cause severe harm onto a culture as they are then faced with many discriminatory issues and don't feel a sense of equality either, which is one of the problems that is prevalent in many countries today, especially in the United States in particular. This results in a distorted image of a culture and impacts them in a negative way as they begin to feel that the main representative cultural body within a country is not willing to

Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome in Fast-growing Broilers

Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome in Fast-growing Broilers This study investigated variations of plasma angiotensin II and gene expression of renin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the heart of pulmonary hypertensive chickens. Plasma angiotensin II was significantly increased at 28 days of age (P1R was increased at 12 and 42 days (P1R and ACE transcripts in the left ventricle of the treated group were increased at days 12 and 42 respectively compared to controls (P1R mRNAs were relatively upregulated in heart of chickens developing pulmonary hypertension while considerable reduction of renin/ACE and elevation of AT1R in right ventricle of heart may involve in dilated cardiomyopathy. Key words: Renin-angiotensin system, Pulmonary hypertension, Broiler chicken. Introduction Pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites) in fast-growing broilers is an elevated blood pressure within the pulmonary circulation (Baghbanzadeh and Decuypere, 2008). Pulmonary hypertension initiates the sequential development of hypoxemia, right-sided congestive heart failure, central venous congestion, cirrhosis of the liver, and accumulation of ascitic fluid into the abdominal cavity (Balog, 2003). It is commonly accepted that PHS in fast-growing broilers is a direct effect of right atrioventricular valve insufficiency, ventricular volume overload and right ventricular dilation and failure (Baghbanzadeh and Decuypere, 2008). In PHS, a high vascular resistance due to an anatomically inadequate pulmonary vascular capacity and excessive vascular tone reflecting an imbalance between pulmonary vasoconstrictors and vasodilators has been demonstrated (Wideman et al., 2013). Many vasoactive elements are involved in the pathophysiology of PHS such as norepinephrine, thromboxane,endothe lin, serotonin, nitric oxide, prostacyclin and angiotensin II (Teshfam et al., 2006, Hassanpour et al., 2009, Hassanpour et al., 2011, Wideman et al., 2013). Pathophysiologic alterations in the cellular and molecular levels of this syndrome have been noted (Kim and Iwao, 2000, Sato et al., 2012, Hassanpour et al., 2013a, Hassanpour et al., 2013b). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the central active component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) that plays a major role in regulating the cardiovascular system, and disorders of the RAS contribute largely to the pathophysiology of hypertension, renal disease and chronic heart failure (Dostal and Baker, 1999). This system is an ever-evolving endocrine system with considerable checks and balances on the production and catabolism of angiotensin peptides most likely due to the manifold effects of angiotensin (Putnam et al., 2012). In the RAS, a precursor peptide, angiotensinogen, is cleaved by renin to form the decapeptide angiotensin I. The dipeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) cleaves angiotensin I to form the octapeptide angiotensin II (Levy, 2004). Ang II, through the activation of specific Ang II types 1 and 2 receptors (AT1R; AT2R), regulates cardiac contractility, cell communication, and impulse propagation. In addition, Ang II is involved in cardiac remodeling, gro wth, and apoptosis (Paul et al., 2006, Ferreira et al., 2008). The concept of a local RAS located in the heart with autocrine and paracrine roles has been confirmed in mammals by many studies, particularly with the demonstration that elements of the RAS and Ang receptors are present in cardiac tissue (De Mello and Danser, 2000). The objective of this study was to determine plasma angiotensin and the relative amounts of renin, ACE and AT1R mRNA expression in the heart ventricles (right and left) of broiler chickens with pulmonary hypertension experimentally induced by 3,5,3†²-l-triiodothyronine (T3). This hormone increases metabolism via increasing number and size of mitochondria and stimulation of the cell membrane enzyme Na+-K+ ATPase), thus, increases oxygen consumption and requirement (Griffin and Ojeda, 2000). The increased body demand for oxygen prompts an increase in cardiac output. High cardiac output triggers an increase in lung arterial pressure, presumably because of the low compliance of the pulmonary vasculature (Balog, 2003). Materials and methods Birds and treatments A total of 60 One-day old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to a control or treatment group (30 birds per group). Each group was randomly divided into three equal replicates of 10 chickens per pen. The chickens were reared for seven weeks on wood shavings under standard conditions and provided ad libitum access to water and a standard ration (Starter: 12.6 MJ metabolisable energy (ME)/kg of diet, 230 g/kg crude protein (CP), Grower: 13.2 MJ ME/kg of diet, 210 g/kg CP, Finisher: 13.4 MJ ME/kg of diet, 190 g/kg CP formulated) to meet requirements for broilers . In the treatment group, T3 was included in the basal diets at a concentration of 1.5 mg T3/kg after day 6 of rearing period (Hassanpour et al., 2013a). Throughout the study mortality was recorded daily. Those broilers that died during the experimental period were examined for lesions of heart failure and ascites. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Ahvaz and Shahrekord Universities approved all procedures used in this study. Assessment of right ventricular hypertrophy At 12 and 42 d of age, six chickens from each group were selected at random, weighed and killed by decapitation. The heart was resected and right ventricle hypertrophy was estimated as described by Teshfam et al. (2006). The ratio of right ventricle to total ventricle (RV/TV) was calculated as an index of pulmonary hypertension. Chickens with an RV/TV ratio >0.28 were classified as pulmonary hypertensive chickens (Wideman, 2001). The right and left ventricles of the heart were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70 °C for subsequent RNA analysis. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis In this experiment, frozen ventricular tissues which had been prepared in the aseptic condition, were homogenized in a liquid nitrogen bath. Total RNA from right (six samples from each group at 12 and 42 days) and left ventricles (six samples from each group at 12 and 42 days) was extracted by a guanidine / phenol solution (RNx plus, Sinaclon Bioscience, Karaj, Iran). 100 mg of homogenized tissue was prepared in this solution. The homogenate was then mixed with chloroform. The resulting mixture was centrifuged (9000 rpm, 4 °C, 15 min), yielding an upper aqueous phase containing total RNA. Following 100% isopropanol precipitation, the RNA pellet was washed with 75% ethanol. The RNA samples were resuspended in DEPC-treated water. Total RNA was treated with RNase-free DNase (Sinaclon Bioscience, Karaj, Iran) to avoid amplification of contaminating genomic DNA. RNA was evaluated by agarose gel (1.5%) electrophoresis to determine extracted RNA quality as indicated by discrete 18S and 28 S rRNA bands. The amount and quality of RNA were determined by spectrophotometry. Only RNA of sufficient purity, having an absorbance ratio (A260/280) greater than 1.9, was considered for synthesis of cDNA. Total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA in a short time after extraction (less than 6 hours) using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Sinaclon Bioscience, Karaj, Iran) as described by Hassanpour et al. (2010). The reverse-transcription (RT) was done in a 20  µl volume containing 2  µg of extracted RNA, 200 ng random hexamer, 0.5 mM dNTP. This mixture was heated to 65 °C for 5 min, and 40 u of RNase inhibitor, RT buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 75 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl2), 10 mM DTT and 200 u M-MLV reverse transcriptase were added. This mixture was incubated for 5 min at 25 °C, followed by 50 min at 38 °C. The reverse transcription mix was heated to 75 °C for 15 min to denature the RNA and then stored at -20 °C. Quantitative real time PCR Analysis In this study, relative quantification of real time PCR was used to measure changes in a gene expression in response to T3 treatment. The levels of renin, AT1R, ACE and ÃŽ ²-actin transcripts were determined in the six samples of right and left ventricles from each group at 12 and 42 days by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR using Eva-Green chemistry (Sinaclon Bioscience, Karaj, Iran). This method requires a suitable internal standard to control for variability between samples and to normalise the input load of cDNA. ÃŽ ²-actin was used as an internal standard. Specific primers of Renin, AT1R, ACE and ÃŽ ²-actin were designed with Primer-Blast (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer blast/index.cgi?LINK_LOC=blastHome). The expected products of primers in PCR were checked in Nucleotide-Blast (www.blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastnPAGE_TYPE=BlastSearchLINK_LOC=blasthome) which found no similarity with other chicken genes. Primers are listed in Table 1. PCRs were carried out in a real-time PCR cycler (Rotor Gene Q 6000, Qiagen, USA) in three replicates for each sample of ventricles. 1  µl cDNA was added to 4  µl Titan Hot Taq Eva-Green Ready Mix (Sinaclon Bioscience, Iran), 0.5  µM of each specific primer in a total volume of 20  µl. The thermal profile was 95 °C for 5 min, 35 cycles of 95 °C for 40 s, 60 °C for 35 s and 72 °C for 30 s. At the end of each phase, fluorescence was assessed by the real-time PCR cycler and used for quantitative objectives. The no-template control and no-reverse transcriptase control were used to check contamination in the PCR reagents. Gene expression data were normalized to ÃŽ ²-actin. Data were analyzed using Rotor Gene-software, version 2.0.2 (build 4) (Qiagen, USA) and LinRegPCR software version 2012.0 (Amsterdam, Netherland), to give the threshold cycle number and reaction efficiency (Ruijter et al., 2009). Relative transcript levels and fold changes in transcript abundance were calculated using eff iciency adjusted Livak methodology (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT method) (Livak and Schmittgen, (2001). Measurement of angiotensin II in plasma The six chickens per group at 12, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days were selected for blood collection. Blood samples were collected from the brachial vein in heparinized syringes and centrifuged at 2,500g for 10 min to obtain plasma. The total amount of Ang II plasma level was quantified by using a commercially available Ang II-EIA kit (catalog No.: S-1133, Bachem Chemical Company, Germany) following the manufacturers instructions. Plasma proteins was precipitated as follows before the use of this kit. Briefly, 1 mL plasma was mixed with 2 mL acetone and centrifuged (10000 rpm, 4 ºC, 10 min). The supernatant was extracted with 4 mL petroleum benzine and left at room for 30 min. After discarding the ether phase, the aqueous, lower phase containing the angiotensin was evaporated to dryness at 40 ºC. The dried extracts were redissolved in 0.25 mL assay buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl, (pH=7.4), 3 mg/mL bovine serum albumin and 2 mg/mL neomycin sulfate) and stored at -20 ºC prior to assay (Gray and S imon, 1985). The materials for protein precipitation were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. The Ang II-EIA kit is an in vitro quantitative assay for detecting the angiotensin II peptide based on the principle of a competitive enzyme immunoassay (competitive binding to the Ang II antibody between biotinylated Ang II peptide and peptides in samples). This kit has intra-assay variation Statistical analysis Data are represented as mean  ± SE. Comparisons were made using an independent sample t-test between each treatment and its control. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-16 software (SPSS Institute Inc.). All data were checked to have a normal distribution and log transformed if necessary. Any data requiring log transformation were back-transformed for presentation of data. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results Estimation of right ventricular hypertrophy The RV/TV ratio was greater in the treated groups at 42 days of age (0.303  ± 0.021) than controls (0.215  ± 0.017) (P=0.004), while this ratio was not significant at 12 days (control: 0.154  ± 0.014; treatment: 0.171  ± 0.012) (P=0.091). The increase of RV/TV ratio was 29% at 42 days. The clinical signs of ascites was observable in the most treated chickens at the end of rearing period. Expression of renin, AT1R and ACE genes in the right and left ventricles Real-time PCR results of renin, ACE and AT1R genes are shown in Figs. 1–3. The expression of ÃŽ ²-actin was detected in all samples. The renin, AT1R and ACE genes were expressed in the right and left ventricles of control and T3-treated broilers at 12 and 42 days of age. The relative amount of renin mRNA expression in the right ventricle of the treated groups was significantly increased at 12 days (15.5 fold) (P=0.009) and decreased at 42 days (4 fold) of age compared to controls (P=0.012; Fig. 1). The relative amount of ACE mRNA expression in the left ventricle of the treated group was significantly increased (9 fold) at 42 days of age compared to controls (P=0.008), but did not differ at 12 days of age (Fig. 2). In the right ventricle, the expression of this gene was increased (2.9 fold) at 12 days (P=0.031) while decreased (3 fold) at 42 days of age in the treated group compared to control (P=0.024). The relative amount of AT1R mRNA expression in the right ventricle of the treated group was significantly increased at 12 (5.9 fold) (P=0.036) and 42 (3.7 fold) (P=0.044) days of age compared to control. In the left ventricle of the treated group, the mRNA amount of this gene was only higher (3.9 fold) at 12 days of age than control (P=0.043; Fig. 3). Assessment of plasma angiotensin II The level of Ang II was measured in plasma samples of chickens at 12, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. The amount of Ang II was significantly increased in T3-treated chickens only at 28 days of age when compared with control (P=0.041; Fig. 4). In this study, total mortality was 23.3% for treatment group and 3.3% for control group. Discussion In the present study, the effect of T3 hormone was observed at 42 days of age which increased cardiac index (i.e., RV/TV > 0.28). According to Wideman (2001), this high cardiac index is associated with sustained pulmonary hypertension (significant high blood pressure of pulmonary artery and right ventricle). In T3-treated chickens of our experiment, cardiac index was not critically high to be noticed as pulmonary hypertension at 12 days of age. Thus, any alterations in cardiac RAS gene expression at this age were not related to this syndrome (Klein and Danzi, 2007, Vargas et al., 2012). Ang II, apart from its effect of elevating arterial pressure, exerts mitogenic and growth promoting effects on cardiac myocytes; both of these effects contribute to the development congestive heart failure (Varagic and Frohlich, 2002). In our experiment, the amount of plasma Ang II considerably was higher at 28 days of age and so at this time of rearing period could be critical in the incidence of PHS , as previously suggested by Hassanpour et al. (2011). However, our data showed that Ang II may be involved as an important factor in the induction of PHS, but its role in the development of this syndrome and heart dilation is not predominant, versus PHS in mammals (Wollert and Drexler, 1999). It must be noticed that hyperthyroidism increases degradation of proteins far exceed synthesis (Decuypere et al., 2005). Thus, variation of Ang II amount during rearing period of chickens could be affected by excess T3. At 42 days of age, cardiac index was considerably high to cause heart failure and PHS. It is noticed that this stage could be associated with heart dilation, which may differ cardiomyocytes structurally and functionally from hypertrophic stage (Lowes et al., 2002, Hassanpour et al., 2013a). Thus, alternations in the expression of mentioned genes in the heart ventricles, particularly in the right ventricle, which was more affected by PHS than the left ventricle, could be due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Renin mRNA has been detected in the heart of various species (Paul et al., 2006). Pieruzzi et al. (1995) described that volume overload of heart was able to increase renin mRNA in the rat heart. In contrast, Iwai et al. (1995) were unable to confirm these findings. In the present study, mRNA variations of this gene were not considerable in the left ventricle of the treated chickens while in the right ventricle, conspicuous increase (12 days) and decrease (42 days) were observed. The initial increase of renin mRNA may be influenced by volume overload of heart due to thyroid hormone while consequent decrease of this gene could be due to occurrence of the PHS. As previously mentioned, the end stage of PHS could be associated with dilated cardiomyopathy of the right ventricle in which cardiomyocytes are unable to contract properly. Apparently, this disability occurs in the expression of many genes (Ladenson et al., 1992, Lowes et al., 2002, Teshfam et al., 2006, Hassanpour et al., 2013b) . A reduction of renin mRNA in the right ventricle may be due to negative compensatory feedback of cardiomycytes against high activation of systemic RAS (high plasma Ang II). It may be also noticed that T3 initially stimulates expression of genes (such as renin) and then, suppresses transcription in long time, similar to its effect on protein (Ruckebusch et al., 1991). Further, the elevation of ACE mRNA might be influenced by thyroid hormone and initial induction of hypertrophy in the heart ventricles, while the reduction of this transcript occurred in the dilated right ventricle at the end stage of PHS. Hao et al. (2013) reported an increase of ACE mRNA and concentration of Ang II in the right ventricular tissue of cold stress-chickens at 42 days of age. This apparent discrepancy between our results and study of Hao et al. (2013) could be due to different routes in the induction of PHS. Comparison of cardiac index in these two studies confirms that induction of PHS with T3 was more severe than cold stress. Probably, the right ventricular remodeling in the cold stress-chickens was not completely progressed. Thus, it could be logical reason for increasing of ACE mRNA and Ang II in the hypertrophic right ventricle. The increasing of AT1R in the heart hypertrophy and heart failure has been confirmed (Barlucchi et al., 2001, Diniz et al., 2007) which is in relative agreement with our findings. Wollert and Drexler (1999) reviewed that AT-receptors-dependent signaling cascades potently modulate cardiac myocyte function and growth. They also reported that cardiac hypertrophy in response to haemodynamic overload can occur independently of the AT-receptors. In conclusion, the gene expression of renin, ACE and AT1R was relatively upregulated in the heart of chickens developing PHS. The right ventricle of hearts from pulmonary hypertensive chickens showed considerable reduction of renin, ACE and elevation of AT1R which may be involved in dilated cardiomyopathy.